Pragmatics

Question 1

… are an important part of how meaning is generated

Answer 1

Contextual factors

Question 2

Pragmatics

Answer 2

The area of language study associated with exploring how contextual factors influence meaning

Question 3

Semantics

Answer 3

Study of meaning

Question 4

Embodied

Eg

Answer 4

Gives concrete form to an abstract idea

World Cup May evoke different meanings

Question 5

Schema

Answer 5

A bundle of knowledge about a key concept, person or event

Spain (hot weather, beaches)

Question 6

Schemas are bundles of _ built up from our experience in the world and are _ in that they can be amended and added
For example going to Brazil would alter and add to your knowledge of it.

Answer 6

Information

Dynamic

Question 7

Surrounding text/ co text

Answer 7

Other words or phrases surrounding a word in a text (may not be useful)

Question 8

Embodied knowledge

Answer 8

Knowledge that’s associated with memories of physically experiencing something

Question 9

Conversational maxim
Name them (4)

Answer 9

Any of 4 rules proposed by Grace (1975)
Maxim of quantity 
Maxim of quality
Maxim of relevance
Maxim of manner

Question 10

Maxim of quantity

Answer 10

Don’t say too little or too much

Question 11

Maxim of quality

Answer 11

Speak the truth

Question 12

Maxim of relevance

Answer 12

Keep what’s being discussed relevant to topic in hand

Question 13

Maxim of manner

Answer 13

Be clear and avoid ambiguity

Question 14

Implicaturs

Answer 14

Implied meanings that listeners were intended to infer from speakers’ comments

Question 15

Positive face needs

Answer 15

Need to feel appreciated and valued

Question 16

Negative face

Answer 16

Desire to feel independent and not be imposed upon

Question 17

Face threatening acts

Answer 17

Speech act that has potential to damage someone’s self esteem either in terms of positive or negative face

Question 18

Politeness strategies

Answer 18

Dinstictive ways in which speakers can choose to speak to avoid threatening face

Question 19

Deixis

Answer 19

use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context

Question 20

Deictic words

Answer 20

Words that are context-bound in so far as their meaning depends on who’s using them, where they are using them, and when they’re using them

Question 21

Deictic terms belong to one of a number of …

Answer 21

Deictic categories

Question 22

3 deictic categories

Answer 22

Person deixis
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis

Question 23

Person deixis

Answer 23

Names and personal pronouns

Question 24

Spatial deixis

Answer 24

Adverbs of place such as “here” and “there”, demonstratives W bowing locations like “this” and “that”, oriental words like “left” and “right” and deictic verbs like “come” and “go”

Question 25

Temporal deixis

Answer 25

Adverbs of time like “today”, “yesterday” and “tomorrow” | Each of these both locates a speaker in and points from a particular deictic centre

Question 26

When are deictic expressions used

Answer 26

When speakers share the same time and space since they can point to objects and refer to events that can commonly be understood

Question 27

Proximal deixis

Answer 27

Near or close to the speaker

Question 28

Distal deixis

Answer 28

Far from the speaker

Question 29

Positive politeness

Answer 29

Shared dialect, informal grammar and lexis, emphasises solidarity with friends

Question 30

Negative politeness

Answer 30

More formal deixis and grammar, to emphasise a social distance and gain respect

Question 31

Who thought up the politeness theory

Answer 31

Brown and Levison

Question 32

Politeness theory features (4)

Answer 32

Present a persona Try to be accepted, liked Be polite and friendly to others Get what we want

Question 33

Antecedent

Answer 33

An expression that gives its meaning to a pro form

Question 34

Anaphora

Answer 34

repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses

Question 35

Presupposition

Answer 35

What the speaker assumes is known by the hearer

Question 36

It’s not about what you say, it’s about... | List all features

Answer 36

``` How you say it Pauses Stress Rhythm Intonation Pitch Volume Pace ```

Question 37

Pauses effect

Answer 37

Can be awkward or for effect

Question 38

Stress effect

Answer 38

Each word/phrase has a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables - called natural changing