Meanings And Representations) Lexis And Semantics Flashcards by Louis Keating

Types of nouns. 3

Proper
Abstract
Concrete

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Types of verbs. 4

Material
Relational
Mental
Verbal

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Types of adjectives and adverbs m. 3

Base
Comparative
Superlative
Same degree

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Types of pronouns. 3

Personal
Demonstrative
Indefinite

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Types of determiners. 3

Articles
Possessives
Quantifiers

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Types of conjunctions. 2

Coordinating

Subordinating

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Proper nouns

Refer to names of ppl or places

Eg James, England

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Abstract nouns

Refer to states, feelings and concepts that don’t have a physical existence
Eg love, anger

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Concrete nouns

Refer to objects that have a physical existence

Eg countable, non countable

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Material verbs

Show actions or verbs

Eg hit, jump

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Relational verbs

Identify properties or show states of being

Eg be, appear

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Mental verbs

Show internal processes

Eg think, wish

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Verbal verbs

Show external processes of communication through speech

Eg say, shout, whisper

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Base adjectives and adverbs

Basic form of an adjective or adverb

Eg big, carefully

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Comparative adjectives and adverbs

Form used to compare 2 instances either adding ‘-er’ or using ‘more’
Eg bigger, more carefully

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Superlative adjectives and adverbs

Comparing more than 2 instances, identifying a best

Eg biggest, most interesting

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Personal pronouns

Differentiated in terms of person (1st,2nd,3rd), number (singular or plural) and gender (male or female)
Eg I, you, she, they

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Demonstrative pronouns

Orientate the reader or listener towards a person, object, idea
Eg this, these, that

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Indefinite pronoun

Refer to person,object or idea that is non specific

Eg someone, anybody, everything

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Articles

Shoes something is definite or indefinite 
Eg the (definite), a/an (indefinite)

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Possessives

Show ownership

Eg my, your, her, our

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Quantifiers

Show either specific or non specific quantities of a noun

Eg one, two (specific), some, any (non specific)

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Coordinating conjunctions

Link main clauses together

Eg and, but

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Subordinating conjunctions

Link main clause to subordinate clause

Eg because, while, although

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Simile | Eg

When we say something is like or similar to something else | Eg she fell over lack a sack of potatoes

Metaphor | Eg

Describes something/someone in a way that literally isn’t true Eg he has a broken heart

Personification | Eg

When something non human is given a human characteristic | Eg the wind howled

Same degree adjectives

‘As...as’

Active voice | Eg

When the subject performs the action of the verb | Eg The dog chased the cat

Passive voice | Eg

When the object is placed before the subject | Eg the cat was chased by the dog

Types of sentence structures. 4

Simple Compound Complex Compound complex

Simple sentence | Eg

Independent clause | Eg I kicked the ball

Compound sentence | Eg

2 or more independent clauses | Eg I kicked the ball and it hit the tree

Complex sentence | Eg

1 independence clause and 1+ subordinate clause | Eg He cried because I hit him

Compound complex sentence | Eg

2+ independent clauses and 1+ sub clauses | He cried because I hit him, and I quickly apologised

Copula verb | Eg

Verbs that link an adjective or a noun to the subject of the sentence Also known as linking verbs Eg am, is

What’s the aim of copula verbs

To present opinions as facts

Aim of simple sentences

Used to assert opinion confidently in the hopes the audience agrees

Discourse markers | Eg

Linking words, linking phrases, or sentence connectors | Eg however, although and nevertheless

Aim of discourse markers

To create the sense of a logically developed argument

9 Moral auxiliary verbs

``` Can Could May Might Will Would Should Must ```

Auxillery verbs | Eg

Helps the main verb to describe action | Eg am, do, be

Primary auxillery verbs types. 3

To be To have To do

Verb tenses. 12

``` Simple past tense Simple present Simple future Continuous past Continuous present Continuous future Perfect past Perfect present Perfect future Perfect continuous past Perfect continuous present Perfect continuous future ```

Simple past tense verb example

I studied

Simple present tense verb eg

I study

Simple future tense verb eg

I will study

Past continuous verb tense eg

I was studying

Present continuous verb tense eg

I am studying

Present future tense verb eg

I will be studying

Past perfect tense verb eg

I had studied

Present perfect verb tense eg

I have studied

Future perfect verb tense eg

I will have studied

Present continuous past tense verb eg

I had been stuyding

Present perfect continuous verb tense eg

I have been stuyding

Future perfect continuous tense verb eg

I will have been stuyding

Relative clause | Eg

Clause that modified a noun or pronoun Eg who is very smart Who, whom, which, that, whose, where, when, why, what

Adverb clause | Eg

Clause that modified a verb | Eg although he is timid

Comparative clause | Eg

Starts with as or contains then | Eg As the train arrived

Non finite clause | Eg

Uses an infinitive, past participle, or present participle at start of clause Eg to eat the whole cake

Phonetics

Speech

Graphology

Visual aspects

Lexis and semantics

Vocabulary

Pragmatic

Context

Types of mode. 2

Written | Spoken

Sybilance

Alliteration of s sound

Left wing newspapers. 2

The daily mirror | The guardian

Right wing newspapers

``` The sun The daily mail Daily express The star Daily telegraph The times The Financial Times ```

Neutral newspapers

The independent

Avg reader age of daily mail

Late 50s

Avg reader age of daily telegraph

Early 60s

Ao1 level 5 features

Semantic patterns Pragmatic features Sentence and clause types, elements and linking Cohesion and textual structure

Ao1 level 4 features

Figurative language Word classes in detail Verb tenses, voice, aspect, modals Phrases

Verb moods

``` Interrogative mood Imperative mood Conditional mood Indicative mood Subjunctive ```

Indicative mood verb | Eg

Used to express a fact statement | Eg we PRACTICE daily

Verb mood definition

The attitude a verb conveys in a sentence

Imperative mood | Eg

Indicates a command | GIVE me back my money

Interrogative mood | Eg

Asks a question | Eg WILL you go

Conditional mood | Eg

A conditional state that’ll cause something to happen | Eg The bomb MIGHT explode

Subjunctive mood | Eg

A hypothetical state, a state contrary to reality, like a wish, desire, or imaginary situation Eg if you turn that on

Meanings And Representations) Lexis And Semantics Flashcards

(80 cards)