Child Language Acquisition Flashcards by Louis Keating

Word class children usually first learn?

Nouns

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Many early words are related to…

Child’s everyday routines

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Some early words are clearly …

Context specific

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What do infants prefer to attend to above all environmental sounds

Human voice

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How old are babies before they can distinguish between their mothers voice and anyone else’s

3 days old

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What does children being born universal mean

Capable of producing any sound in the human language

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What’s acquired first, vowels or consonants

Vowels

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When does the avg child acquire all vowels and 2/3 of consonants

2 and a half yrs old

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When are children confident in using both vowels and consonants

6 or 7 years old

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Infinite monkey theory

If you sit a monkey down at a typewriter for an info ur amount of time, eventually by randomly hitting the keys, the monkey will type out the words of Shakespeare

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How can babies have a conversation without words

Turn taking

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List of Halidays functions of language (8)

Instrumental 
Regulatory 
Interactional 
Personal
Heuristic
Imaginative 
Representational 
Performative

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Instrumental - explanation and eg

Language needs to satisfy material needs

I want

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Regulatory - explanation and eg

Language used to control others

Do as I tell you

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Interactional - explanation and eg

Phatic communication

How are you

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Personal - explanation and eg

Emotional language which releases stress, pain, fear etc

I don’t want to

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Heuristic - explanation and eg

Language seeking information

What’s that for

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Imaginative - explanation and eg

Language of creative writing, games etc

Let’s pretend…

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Representational - explanation and eg

Language that communicates info/ideas

I live at 23 fleet flats

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Performative

Language of curses, charms, prayers etc

Our father…

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Steps of early phonological acquisition and at what age? 4

Step 1-vegetative 0-4 months old
Step 2 - cooing. 4-7 months old
Step 3- babbling. 6-12 months old
Step 4-proto words 9-12 months old

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Phonemic contraction

The variety of sounds is reduced to the sounds of the main language used

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Phonology

he study of sound patterns and their meanings

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Ellipsis

knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden.

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Over extension

a categorical term (a word used to describe a group of things) is used in language to represent more categories than it actually does

Irregular plurals | Eg

Words that don’t become plural by adding ‘s’ or ‘es’ Knife knives Leaf leaves

Lexis

Vocabulary

Positive reinforcement

the process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by offering reward when the behaviour is exhibited

Negative reinforcement

the process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by punishing when the wrong behaviour is exhibited

CDS and meaning

Child directed speech | a simplified form of speech used by adults when talking to infants.

LAD and meaning

Language Acquisition device | a system of principles that children are born with that helps them learn language

LASS and meaning

Language Acquisition support system | the adults and older children who help a young child to acquire language.

Exaggerated prosodic cues

Using more exaggerated intonation patterns and slightly higher frequencies, greater pitch variations, extended pauses etc

Recasting

Phrasing sentences in different ways, like making it a question

Echoing

Repeating what a child said

Labelling

Providing the name of objects, using simpler vocabulary

Overarticulating

Using more precise sounds contained in the words, stretching out sounds, sounding out ‘super vowels’ and phonemes which are more challenging to articulate

Features of CDS. 8

``` Exaggerated prosodic cues Recasting Echoing Expansion Labelling Over-articulating Repetition Simplification ```

Behaviourists believe...

Language is developed through initiating others’ language and gaining positive and negative feedback from adults

Social interactionists believe...

Children’s early language can be influenced and improved by adult carers adjusting their own speech patterns

Nativist theorists believe

Language is innate; we’re pre programmed to acquire it

Cognitive theorists believe...

Language will grow when children’s ideas about the world develop

Name a behaviourist theorist

B.F Skinner

Name a nativist

Chomsky

Name a cognitivist theorist

Piaget

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor - senses and actions- birth to 2 yrs Preoperational - language and mental images- 2 to 7 yrs Concrete operational - logical thinking and categories- 7 to 12 yrs Formal operational- hypothetical and scientific reasoning - 12 yrs onwards

Name a interactionist theorist

Bruner

Holophrase

A single word which functions pragmatically as the child’s whole utterance or sentence

When’s the holophrastic/one word stage

9-18 months

Features of semantic overextension. 2

Semantic features hypothesis | Functional similarities hypothesis

Types of babies according to how they learn new words. 2

Referential | Expressive

Features of referential ‘type’. 3

Early words linked to objects eg nouns High proportion of nouns and adjectives Few formulae

Features of expressive ‘type’. 3

Early words linked to social relationships eg greetings Low proportion of nouns and adjectives Many formulae

Deletion

``` Omitting the final consonant in words Eg do(g), cu(p) ```

Substitution

Substituting one sound for another | Eg pip for ‘ship’

Addition

Adding an extra vowel sound to the ends of words creating a CVCV pattern Eg doggie

Assimilation

Changing on consonant or vowel for another | Eg gog for ‘dog’

Reduplication

Repeating a whole syllable | Eg dada, mama

Consonant cluster reductions

Reducing consonant clusters to be smaller | Eg pider for ‘spider’

Deletion of this unstressed syllables

Omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words | Eg nana for ‘banana’

When’s the two word stage

18 to 30 months approx

When’s the telegraphic stage

2 yrs 6 months/3 yrs onwards

Describe telegraphic stage. 2

Children acquire more ‘grammatical’ words | develop syntax and learn to apply inflections like ‘-ed’ for regular past tenses and “s” to signal pluralisation

Tabula rasa

Latin for black slate | Children born with fresh and undeveloped brains

Virtuous errors

Grammatical errors that are understandable and logical through an incorrect assumption being made about grammar rules

Egocentric

Thinking only of themselves, without understanding or regard for feelings of others

Object permanence

Sn understanding that objects continue to exist even they can’t be seen or touched

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Describes area between what a child can do and that which is beyond their rich