LG 5.10 - Intro Patho: Neoplasia

Question 1

What does neoplasia mean?

Answer 1

• “new growth”, used to denote uncontrolled growth of cells whose proliferation cannot be adequately controlled by normal regulatory mechanisms operating in normal tissues.

Question 2

Define oncology?

Answer 2

• onco = swelling in greek. oncology - study of cancer.

Question 3

Define tumor?

Answer 3

• Swelling

Question 4

Comparing benign and malignant tumors regarding growth and good or bad, how do they differ?

Answer 4

• Benign tumors have limited growth potential, and a good outcome (usually).
• Malignant tumors grow uncontrollably and may eventually kill the host.

Question 5

How are benign tumors named?

Answer 5

• Because they usually retain the microscopic features of their tissue of origin. Named according to cell type with suffix “oma”.

Question 6

If epithelial and of glandular origin the tumor is called?

If squamous they tumor is called?

Answer 6

• Adenoma.

- Papilloma

Question 7

If benign connective tissue?
Cartilage?
Osseous?
Smooth muscle?
Fat?

Answer 7

• “oma” attached to tissue of origin.
• Chondroma
• Osteoma
• Leiomyoma
• Lipoma

Question 8

What does undifferentiation mean?

Answer 8

• Destructive/ more immature. (like malignant cells, in microscopic views)

Question 9

What does pleomorphism mean?

Answer 9

• Variability. Different shapes and sizes. Different color histologically.

Question 10

What is High N/C Ratio?

Answer 10

• Malignant tumors exhibit a large nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. Nuclear/ cytoplasmic ratio is 1:1 vs. normal 1:5.

Question 11

What do you call malignant epithelial tumors?
Squamous cells?
Glandular?
Unique cell types?

Answer 11

• Carcinomas
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma
• Named accordingly: Renal cell carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, hepatcocellular carcinoma. These are all adenocarcinomas.

Question 12

How do you classify malignant connective tissue tumors?
Fibrous tissue?
Fat tissue?
Bone tissue?

Answer 12

• Names for the malignant tumors of connective tissue origin are coined from the root of the cell type and a suffix “sarcoma”.
• Fibrosarcoma
• Liposarcoma
• Osteosarcoma

Question 13

What are some exceptions to the taxonomy of tumors?

Answer 13

• Lymphomas, melanomas, astrocytomas, seminomas. All malignant.
• Malignant pediatric tumors composed of embryonic tissue are called “blastomas”.

Question 14

What are teratomas? How does the naming change if it is benign vs. malignant?

Answer 14

• Tumors derived from all three germ layers.

- Teratomas (benign), teratocarcinomas (malignant).

Question 15

What is tumor grading?

Answer 15

• Done by pathologist. Well differentiated, moderately differentiated, or poorly differentiated.

Question 16

What are the three grades?

Answer 16

• Grade I: tumors are well-differentiated.
• Grade II: tumors are moderately differentiated tumors.
• Grade III: tumors are poorly or undifferentiated tumors.

Question 17

What is tumor staging?

Answer 17

• Done by pathologist, oncologist. Taking into account the PE, radiographic studies, biopsy. Also, size and grading of primary tumor and presence or absence of lymph node and distant metastasis.

Question 18

What is the criteria of staging?

Answer 18

• TNM.
• Tumor size
• Lymph Node status
• Metastasis

Question 19

What are the stages?

Answer 19

• 1 -4

- Good prognosis -> bad prognosis