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FOH > LG 7.2 - Into to Lab Tests > Flashcards

LG 7.2 - Into to Lab Tests Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What is a CMP? What type of sample does it take? What does it examine?
</p>

A
  • Complete (Comprehensive) Metabolic Panel
  • Venous serum
  • Examines overall body metabolism:
    Kidney function
    Acid/Base balance
    Blood sugar
    Electrolytes
    Liver function</p>
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2
Q

Define each of the components of a CMP.

A 
Electrolytes:
- Glucose
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Chloride
- Carbon Dioxide
Kidney:
- Creatinine
- Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Liver:
- Albumin
- Total protein
- Total bilirubin
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
- Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
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3
Q

What is the significance of glucose in the body? What will measuring glucose levels in the blood tell you?

A
  • Glucose is a carbohydrate and is a major source of fuel for cells.
  • Measuring glucose in the blood determines if a patient is hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic.
  • Fasting hyperglycemia is associated with Type 1 or 2 Diabetes mellitus.
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4
Q

<p>What is a normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG)?
</p>

A

<p>- 70-99 mg/dL</p>

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5
Q

<p>What are clinical symptoms of hyperglycemia?</p>

A

<p>- polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss.</p>

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6
Q

<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia?</p>

A

<p>- tremor, palpitations, anxiety, cognitive impairment, behavioral changes.</p>

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7
Q

<p>What is the significance of sodium in our bodies? What will measuring sodium levels in the blood tell you?</p>

A
  • Regulation of plasma volume
  • Generation of nerve impulses
  • Generation of muscle contractions
  • Facilitation of glucose absorption in the small intestine
  • Measuring: hypernatremia and hyponatremia represent sodium imbalances.</p>
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8
Q

<p>What is a normal plasma sodium level?</p>

A

<p>- 136-146 mEq/L</p>

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9
Q

<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypernatremia?</p>

A

<p>- lethargy, weakness, irritability, seizure</p>

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10
Q

<p>What are clinical symptoms of hyponatremia?</p>

A

<p>- nausea, malaise, headache, lethargy, seizures.</p>

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11
Q

<p>What is the significance of potassium in our bodies? What will measuring potassium levels tell you?</p>

A

<p>- Generation of nerve impulses

- Generation of muscle contractions
- Acid base balance
- Measure: hyperkalemia and hypokalemia represent potassium imbalances.</p>

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12
Q

<p>What is a normal plasma potassium level?</p>

A

<p>- 3.5-5.1 mEq/L</p>

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13
Q

<p>What are clinical symptoms of hyperkalemia?</p>

A

<p>- muscle weakness

- cardiac conduction abnormalities
- cardiac arrhythmias</p>

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14
Q

<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypokalemia?</p>

A

<p>- muscle weakness

- rhabdomyolysis
- cardiac arrhythmias</p>

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15
Q

<p>What the significance of calcium in our bodies? What will measuring calcium levels tell you?</p>

A

<p>- Muscle contraction

- cardiac function
- enzyme activation
- exocytosis of neurotransmitters
- blood clotting
- normal bone and tooth architecture
- Measuring: hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia represent calcium imbalances</p>

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16
Q

<p>What is a normal plasma calcium level?</p>

A

<p>- 8.6-10.2 mg/dL</p>

17
Q

<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypercalcemia?</p>

A

<p>- nephrolithiasis

- nausea
- vomiting
- bone pain
- confusion</p>

18
Q

<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypocalcemia?</p>

A

<p>- Muscle twitching

- tetany
- cardiac arrhythmias
- papilledema</p>

19
Q

<p>What is the significance of chloride in our bodies? What is the normal plasma levels?</p>

A

<p>- Acid base balance

- facilitates actions of certain neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine)
- Normal: 95-105 mEq/L</p>

  • FYI this chloride is not starred.
20
Q

<p>What is the significance of creatinine in our bodies? What are the normal levels?</p>

A

<p>- Waste product made in skeletal muscle and filtered by kidneys. When kidneys fail to filter it, the levels build up in our blood.
- Normal: 0.9-1.3 mg/dL in males, 0.6-1.1 mg/dL in female</p>

21
Q

<p>What can elevated BUN and creatinine in the blood suggest?</p>

A

<p>- kidney dysfunction (lack of filtration)</p>

22
Q

<p>What is ALT?</p>

A

<p>- Alanine aminotransferase: an enzyme mainly found in the liver; involved in amino acid catabolism - </p>

23
Q

<p>What are lipid profiles assessing (most generally)?</p>

A

<p>- blood test for risk of coronary artery disease</p>

24
Q

<p>What are the components of a lipid profile?</p>

A

<p>- Total cholesterol
- High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C &quot;good&quot;)
- Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C &quot;bad&quot;)
- Triglycerides
- May include:
Non-HDL, VLDL or cholesterol/HDL ratio</p>

25
Q

<p>What are the risk factors for hyperlipidemia?</p>

A

<p>- age

- systolic BP
- Total cholesterol
- HDL cholesterol
- Hypertension medication
- cigarette smoker
- Diabetes present</p>

26
Q

What are the components of a urinalysis?

A
  • pH
  • specific gravity
  • leukocytes
  • nitrites
  • protein
  • bilirubin
  • ketones
  • blood
  • glucose
  • microscopic examination of the urine sediment</p>
27
Q

In urinalysis, what does high specific gravity indicate?

A

dehydration

28
Q

What is the significance of BUN in our bodies?

A
  • Blood urea nitrogen
  • Amount of urea in the blood.
  • Urea is waste product made in liver from amino acid metabolism and ammonia.
  • Filtered by kidneys.
29
Q

What is albumin? What is it used for in testing?

A
  • Albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver.

- Used to determine nutritional status or to screen for certain liver and kidney disorders, as well as other diseases.

30
Q

what is ALP?

A

Alkaline phosphatase: enzyme related to bile ducts; often increased when block or inflamed; ALP can overflow at this point and seep out of liver into bloodstream, also found in bone and placenta.

31
Q

What is the role of Albumin in our bodies?

A
  • maintenance of oncotic pressure
  • transpiration of thyroid hormones, fat-soluble hormones, “free” fatty acids, unconjugated bilrubin, many drugs
  • competitively binds calcium ions
  • buffers pH
32
Q

In urinalysis, what does + WBC (leukocyte esterase) indicate?

A

infection/inflammation

33
Q

What is bilirubin? What organ is in charge of processing this?

A
  • hydrophobic waste product of the metabolism of hemoglobin inside of red blood cells
  • Mainly liver. (liver, spleen, and bone marrow - take up deteriorating RBCs)
34
Q

In urinalysis, what does positive nitrates indicate?

A
  • presence of bacteria
35
Q

In urinalysis, what does + protein indicate?

A

chronic kidney disease

36
Q

In urinalysis, what does + glucose indicate?

A

hyperglycemia or diabetes

37
Q

In urinalysis, what does + ketones indicate?

A

diabetes or starvation

38
Q

In urinalysis, what does + bilirubin indicate?

A

liver disease

39
Q

In urinalysis, what does blood indicate?

A

lots of possibilities - e.g., kidney or bladder damage

FOH (31 decks)

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