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Lipid function Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ether lipid

A

An ether lipid is a type of phospholid whose sn-1 fatty acid linkage is an ether instead of an ester linkage

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2
Q

What are the subgroups of phospholipids

A

Glycerophospholipids
Sphingophospholipids

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3
Q

What is the difference between the subgroups of phospholipids

A

Glycerophospholipids have glycerol as a “backbone”
Sphingophospholipids have Sphingosine instead

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4
Q

Give an example of an ether linked alkene and alkane phospholipid

A

Plasmalogen and Platelet activating factor

Note the structure in the Lipid Structure slides

Ether linked lipids

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5
Q

What are the polarlipids

A

Sphingolipids
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids

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6
Q

What is the most common example of an eicosanoid

A

Prostaglandins

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7
Q

What are the types of non polar lipids

A

Triacylglycerol
Cholesteryl esters

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8
Q

What makes a lipid saponifiable

A

When its able to be hydrolysed by an alkaline

Non saponifiable lipids are not subject to hydrolysis

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9
Q

Give four examples of Saponifiable lipids

A

Triacylglycerol
Sphingolipids
Phospholipids
Waxes

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10
Q

Give two examples of non-saponifiable lipids

A

Steroids
Prostaglandins

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11
Q

What are the most abundant Phospholipids

A

Phosphotidylcholine
Phosphotidylethanolamine
Phosphotidylserine

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12
Q

Phosphotidylcholine is also referred to as ____\___

A

Lecithin

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13
Q

Which of these abundant phospholipids have a charge of -1 at physiological ph

A

Phosphotidylserine

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14
Q

Which of the abundant phospholipids exista as zwitterions at physiological temperature

A

Phosphotidylcholine
Phosphotidylethanolamine

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15
Q

______ are acidic phospholid becacause _____

Expecting 4 phospholipids and their charges

A

Phosphotidylserine, Phosphotidylinositol and phosphotidylglycerol are acidic phospholid because they have a charge of -1 at physiologic ph

Cardiolipin also because it has a charge of -2

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16
Q

What type of fatty acids are usually found at sn-1, sn-2 of Phospholipids (glycerophospholipids)

A

At sn-1 saturated fatty acids
At sn-2 unsaturated sn-

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17
Q

What is the usual structure of phosphotidylcholine

A

Palmatic or stearic acid at sn-1
and a unsaturated 18 carbon fatty acid, like oleic, linoleic or linolenic

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18
Q

What is the therapy for a low lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio and examples

A

Administration of steroids
Example Dexamethasone and Corticosteroids

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19
Q

Phosphoethanolamine is also referred to as _____

A

Cephalin

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20
Q

WHat is the structure of phosphotidylethananoalmine

A

Sn-1 : Palmatic acid or stearic acid
Sn-2 : a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, like Arachidonic acid or linoleic acid

Note PE is similar to PC at sn-1

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21
Q

What is the structure of phosphotidylinositol

A

Stearic acid at sn-1
Arachidonic acid at Sn-2

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22
Q

Where can cardiolipin found

A

Cardiolipin can be found in the mitochondrion

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23
Q

What phospholipid is crucial for lung function due its presence in surfuctant

A

Dipalmoyl lecithin

Not Lecithin is the other name for phosphotidylcholine

Hence Dipalmoyllecithin can also be called Dipalmoylphosphocholine

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24
Q

A researcher is analyzing a phospholipid extracted from pulmonary surfactant and identifies it as dipamitoylphosphocholine (DPPC)

What is he going to find regarding the structure of DPPC?

Relating to the fatty acids

A

Find palmatic acid at both sn-1 and sn-2

25
Name two major ether lipids
Plasmalogens Platelet activating factor
26
27
A 32-year-old patient with a history of asthma is rushed to the emergency department with severe hypotension and bronchoconstriction after eating shellfish. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) Which lipid mediator is most likely responsible for these symptoms
Platelet-Activating Factor
28
Give two major examples of glycolipids
Cerebrosides Gangliosides
29
What is a ganglioside and what is its major clinical correlation
A ganglioside is a glycolipid formed from a moiety of carbohydrates bound to ceramide Ganglioside GM1 acts asa receptor by which cholera toxins and other toxins gain entry into the intestinal epithelia
30
What is ceramide
A sphingosin bounded to a fatty acid
31
What is a sphingosin
Serine bound to palmatic acid
32
What type of lipid is responsible for blood groups in humans
Glycolipids
33
What is the differentiates between the 3 blood groups A B
All 3 blood groups contain a core 5 sugars , with A and B having an extra sugar at the terminal end
34
What differentiates blood group B from the others
It contains the 5 core sugars with an extra galactose at the terminal end
35
What differentiates Blood group O from the others
It contains only the five core sugars
36
What differentiats Blood group A from the others
It contains the 5 core sugars plus n-acetylgalactosamine at the terminal end
37
What are isoprenoids precursors off
Cholestrol and vitamins A D E and K
38
What is the skeleton structure of Arachidonic acid
20:4
39
What is the carbon skeleton of palmatic acid
16:0
40
What is the carbon skeleton of lenoleic acid
18:2
41
What is the carbon skeleton of stearic acid
18:0
42
What is the carbon skeleton of linolenic acid
18:3
43
give a major example of omega 3
Linolenic acid
44
Give major examples of omega 6
Linoleic and Arachidonic
45
Give an example of an omega 3
Oleic acid Eicasopentanoic acid
46
Name the two Arachidonic acid derivatives
Prostaglandins Thromboxane Leukotrienes
47
A researcher is analyzing eicosanoid metabolites in a patient's plasma sample. Upon mass spectrometry, she identifies a molecule with a six-membered oxygen-containing ring. What molecule is this likely to be
Thromboxane
48
How do you differentiate between prostaglandin and thromboxane
Prostaglandin has a five membered ring but thromboxane has a 6 membered ring containing oxygen
49
A 25-year-old male with a history of asthma presents to the emergency department with wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness after exposure to dust. His symptoms are not relieved by his usual Ventolin inhaler. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway, which are known to cause bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production. Which class of eicosanoids is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms, and what type of drug did he likely take?
Leukotrienes And he likely took an NSAID like aspirin or ibuprofen
50
A 34-year-old woman with a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis develops severe wheezing, nasal congestion, and difficulty breathing after taking ibuprofen for a headache. She has had similar reactions to aspirin in the past. Why should NSAIDs be avoided in this patient, and what is the underlying mechanism responsible for her symptoms
NSAIDs block COX 1 and two, hence blocking the cyclooxegenase pathway Which increases reaction towards the lipoxygenase pathway leading to overproduction of Leukotrienes causing bronchoconstriction and the like Leading to an asthmatic attack
51
What is a tauracolic acid
Its a bile acid | I know its in the slides
52
What are the essential fatty acids
Linoleic Linolenic
53
Give an example of a lipid responsible for vision
Retinal
54
Learn how to differentiate structures of lipids, exam ple steroid hormones like estrogen & androgen
You can use position 3, 17 and 18 to differentiate for steroid hormones
55
What is the lethal lipoprotein?
LDL
56
The healthy lipoprotein
HDL
57
What are the most abundant phospholipids?
Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS)
58
Which of the most abundant phospholipids is acidic
phosphatidylserine (PS)
59
Which two derivatives of arachidonate are local hormones?
Prostaglandins and eicosanoids

MSPC232 (16 decks)

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