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Patho Pharm 3 > Liver, gallbladder, pancreas > Flashcards

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is jaundice?

A

yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by a high accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and tissues

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2
Q

Where is the first place jaundice can be seen in the body?

A

the eyes (icteric sclera)

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3
Q

high bilirubin levels?

A

> 2-2.5

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4
Q

What is hemolytic Jaundice?

A

an increase in red blood cell breakdown

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5
Q

what causes hemolytic jaundice?

A

transfusion reactions, a lot of blood transfusions recently, or roller clam pumps

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6
Q

Why does hepatocellular jaundice occur?

A

the liver is unable to take up bilirubin from the blood and conjugate it meaning the liver is not working

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7
Q

Is conjugated bilirubin water-soluble?

A

yes

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8
Q

Why does obstructive jaundice occur?

A

bile flow is obstructed

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9
Q

what causes obstructive jaundice and obstruction of bile flow?

A

gall stones, cancers, cholangiocarcinoma

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10
Q

A patient comes into the clinic with tea-colored urine, light-colored stools, itchiness, and elevated ALT and AST; what diagnosis would you expect?

A

jaundice

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11
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

gall stones

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for gallstones?

A

women over the age of 40, high estrogen and multiparty, obese, sedentary lifestyle, and familial tendencies

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13
Q

What is the purpose of bile?

A

bile comes from the liver and helps digest lipids and transport waste out of the body

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14
Q

What makes up bile?

A

bilirubin, cholesterol, bile salts, water, calcium, and protein

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15
Q

What do gallstones mainly consist of?

A

cholesterol

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16
Q

How do gallstones form?

A

stones form from a stasis of bile that causes a supersaturation of cholesterol and a precipitate to form

17
Q

What signs and symptoms would an individual with cholelithiasis present with?

A

Right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder and occurs 3-6 hours after a high-fat meal, icteric jaundice S/S, bleeding, steatorrhea, and an intolerance to fatty foods

18
Q

What signs and symptoms would an individual with cholecystitis present with?

A

Right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder and occurs 3-6 hours after a high-fat meal, fever, nausea and vomiting, restlessness, diaphoresis, and peritoneal involvement

19
Q

how does cholecystitis occur?

A

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder caused by gallstones, biliary sludge, fasting, infection, TPN, and DM

20
Q

What are the long-term effects of cholecystitis?

A

the gallbladder becomes edematous and hyperemic causing distension and scarring overtime which decreases the function

21
Q

What labs can be analyzed to confirm cholecystitis?

A

bilirubin, liver enzymes, WBC’s, and amylase + lipase

22
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas that ranges from mild edema to severe hemorrhagic necrosis

23
Q

Who typically presents with pancreatitis?

A

middle-aged african americans

24
Q

What is the most common cause of pancreatitis in women?

A

gallbladder disease

25
Q

What is the most common cause of pancreatitis in men?

A

ETOH (alcohol) abuse

26
Q

What happens during pancreatitis?

A

pancreatic cells are injured and then pancreatic enzymes begin to autodigest the pancreas

27
Q

What is Grey Turner’s Sign?

A

flank bruising that indicates pancreatitis

28
Q

What is Cullen’s Sign?

A

periumbilical bruising that indicates pancreatitis

29
Q

How would an individual with pancreatitis present to the clinic?

A

LUQ and epigastric pain that radiates to the back, tenderness, the pain worsens with food, vomiting doe not help, begins when recumbent, N/V, hypoactive bowel sounds, abdominal distension, jaundice

30
Q

What labs should be monitored with pancreatitis?

A

increased amylase, lipase, glucose, and Whit blood cells

31
Q

What is a complication of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Diabetes Mellitus due to zero insulin release

32
Q

What are acute pancreatitis complications?

A

pseudocyst, pancreatic abscess, tetany from hypocalcemia, and possible perforation leading to peritonitis

33
Q

What pharmacological interventions would you give an individual with pancreatitis?

A

dicyclomine (antispasmodic), IV fluids (cannot eat), fentanyl (pain), protonix (GERD), lovenox (blood clots), and stool softeners

Patho Pharm 3 (10 decks)

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