Oncology A&P

Question 1

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 1

Series of events that occurs during the growth & development of a cell that regulates duplication of genetic information and assures that daughter cells are structurally identical to parent cells

Question 2

G1 Phase

Answer 2

cells prepare to make DNA; RNA and protein synthesis and cell growth

Question 3

S phase

Answer 3

DNA SYNTHESIS occurs and 2 separate sets of chromosomes arise with one for each daughter cell

Question 4

G2 Phase

Answer 4

DNA synthesis ceases and the cell prepares for mitosis and to divide

Question 5

M Phase

Answer 5

mitosis and the cell divides

Question 6

G0

Answer 6

A Resting Phase that is not part of the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing and can remain in this state for days, weeks, or even years

Question 7

Restriction Point

Answer 7

Under normal physiological conditions, all cell proliferation is regulated by the restriction point.
Chemotherapy drugs are designed to attack cells that are proliferating rapidly.By using drugs that inhibit completion of the restriction point, such as growth factor receptor inhibitors, normal cells are prevented from proliferating and are thus protected from chemotherapy treatments (allowing normal cells to continue the cell cycle and killing cancer cells)

Question 8

Cells that do not divide:

Answer 8

neurons and skeletal muscle cells

Question 9

cells that divide slowly:

Answer 9

liver cells (once every 1-2 years), cartilage

Question 10

cells that divide rapidly:

Answer 10

GI epithelial cells, hair follicles, bone marrow

Question 11

What are undifferentiated stem cells?

Answer 11

can be triggered to enter the cell cycle and produce parent (progenitor) cells, the “reserve units”.

Question 12

What are parent/progenitor cells?

Answer 12

cells that continue dividing and reproducing such as blood cells, skin cells, and liver cells

Question 13

What are well-differentiated cells?

Answer 13

cells that do not divide and reproduce normally such as neurons, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle

Question 14

What affects cell proliferation?

Answer 14

Cell proliferation is sped up in regards to tissue injury, and tissue loss, and triggered under certain circumstances

Question 15

What are the three basic cell proliferation properties?

Answer 15

1. Intracellular Control of Proliferation
2. Contact Inhibition
3. Rate of Cell Proliferation

Question 16

What is intracellular control of proliferation mean as one of the principles?

Answer 16

cells are controlled by a mechanism that tells them when they need to regenerate and there’s a balance between cell degeneration and death. Cell proliferation ONLY occurs when there is a need for more cells to replace the dead and dying ones.

Question 17

What does contact inhibition mean as one of the principles of cell proliferation?

Answer 17

It means that normal cells should respect the boundaries of other cells and tissues and do not invade any other cells outside of their own territory.

Question 18

What does the rate of proliferation mean as one of the principles of cell proliferation?

Answer 18

This means that the rate of proliferation will differ with each different kind of cell.

Question 19

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 19

The process in which proliferating cells are transformed into different and more specialized cell types. This cell will have a specific structure, function, and life expectancy.

Question 20

What is Apoptosis?

Answer 20

Natural occurring cell death causes molecules on the cell’s surface to alter and change. This allows healthy cells, mainly macrophages, to recognize, engulf, and dismantle the dying cell before it falls apart

Question 21

Where do all the different types of cells originate from?

Answer 21

the fertilized ovum

Question 22

Where do all the different types of cells originate from?

Answer 22

the fertilized ovum

Question 23

How are cancer cells formed?

Answer 23

It is through the mutation of cells at some point in the differentiation process from a stem cells to adult cells that cancer cells are formed.

Question 24

How do benign cells behave?

Answer 24

The grow slowly, have a well-defined capsule, not invasive, well-differentiated and looks like the arisen tissue, low mitosis rates, and do not metastatize

Question 25

How do malignant cells behave?

Answer 25

They grow rapidly, are not encapsulated, invade local structures and tissues, are very poorly differentiated and the tissue is not recognizable, many dividing cells in mitosis, and can be spread and metastasized

Question 26

what is the cell cycle order?

Answer 26

G0, G1, S, G2, M