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Patho Pharm 3 > Neuro Disorders > Flashcards

Neuro Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

A chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the Central Nervous System caused by degeneration of the myelin sheath and loss of axons

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2
Q

What are the three principal parts of MS?

A
  1. brain and spinal inflammation
  2. Demyelination
  3. Scar development (gliosis)
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3
Q

What are the risk factors for the development of Multiple sclerosis?

A

20-40-year-old women who live in a cooler climate, are Caucasian, have smoked in the past, are Vitamin D deficient, obese, or have had EBV before

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4
Q

Define Benign MS:

A

no disability with a return to normal between attacks

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5
Q

define Primary-progressive MS:

A

steady increase of disability with no remissions

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6
Q

define Relaxing-Remitting MS:

A

most common - unpredictable attacks with periods of remissions and possible disabilities

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7
Q

define Secondary-Progressive MS:

A

initial relapsing-remitting pattern that suddenly declines with steady disability increase and no remissions

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8
Q

define Progressive-Relapsing MS:

A

steady disability decline with occasional SUPER-imposed attacks

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9
Q

How would an individual with Multiple Sclerosis present to the clinic?

A

The 1st sign would consist of trunk, limb, and face paresthesias, cog fog, vision problems, bowel and bladder problems, depression, fatigue, weakness, sexual issues, muscle stiffness and spasms, and vertigo

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10
Q

How would you treat a relapse of multiple sclerosis?

A

high-dose IV glucocorticoid, IV gamma globulin, ACTH

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11
Q

What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)?

A

An autoimmune disorder where the myelin sheath is damaged by antibodies of the Peripheral Nervous System

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12
Q

What is the cause of GBS?

A

GBS is thought to be caused by viral infections and bacterial infections and occur days to weeks after these events

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13
Q

How many people survive GBS?

A

95%

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14
Q

How many people completely recover from GBS?

A

75%

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15
Q

How does GBS present?

A

presents in an ascending pattern starting with decreased sensation in the feet that moves upwards and the severity of symptoms increases over hours or weeks

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16
Q

What is the range of disabilities with GBS?

A

numbness to complete paralysis

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17
Q

Why can GBS become life-threatening?

A

If the respiratory muscles become affected

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18
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of GBS?

A

decreased sensation, decreased bowel and bladder control, blurry vision, difficulty breathing, swallowing, and chewing

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19
Q

What is ALS (Lou Gehrig)?

A

ALS is a rare, progressive neuro disorder characterized by the loss of motor neurons in both the upper and lower extremities caused by excessive levels of glutamate

20
Q

What is the life expectancy of those with ALS?

A

3 years after diagnosis

21
Q

Who is at risk of developing ALS?

A

males in their 40-70s who have a family history and have smoked in the past

22
Q

How do motor neurons degenerate in ALS?

A

The “Excitotoxicity hypothesis” says that excessive glutamate production leads to a cascade of events that causes neuron death, causing motor neuron degeneration and electrical/chemical messages not making it from the brain to the muscles.

23
Q

What is the most common cause of death in those with ALS?

A

respiratory failure due to respiratory muscles not working

24
Q

How would an individual with ALS present to the clinic?

A

upper extremity weakness with muscle wasting and spasticity, dysarthria, dysphagia, drooling, and cognitive and behavioral changes, constipation, sleep problems, and breathing issues

25
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

A progressive and degenerative disorder of basal ganglia function leading to faulty substantial nigra and decreased dopamine production causing loss of smooth muscle movement

26
Q

What are the three factors that characterize Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  1. Tremor
  2. Rigidity
  3. Bradykinesia
27
Q

What does an excess of acetylcholine in relation to dopamine cause?

A

loss of controlled muscle movement

28
Q

What does the destruction of the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia cause?

A

decreased dopamine levels

29
Q

What causes of Parkinson’s Disease are acquired?

A

infection, intoxication, trauma (head), and drug-induced

30
Q

Who is at risk of developing Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Men in their 70s who have a history of head trauma, family history, andxiety and depression, or a hysterctomy if female

31
Q

What is a protective factor for PD?

A

drinking coffee

32
Q

What is dopamine?

A

an INHIBITory neurotransmitter that controls balance, movement, message transmission, and smooth muscle movement

33
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

an EXCITATory neurotransmitter that works in conjunction with dopamine

34
Q

When is an essential tremor seen?

A

with activity/movement

35
Q

When is a PD tremor seen?

A

with rest

36
Q

A patient presents with a masked expression, shuffling gait, postural instability, pill-rolling tremor at rest, toe tap, and cogwheel rigidity; what is the diagnosis?

A

Parkinson’s disease

37
Q

What is the 1st sign seen in someone with PD?

A

A tremor that affects handwriting, occurs at rest and is exacerbated by stress and concentration

38
Q

What is cogwheel rigidity look like in someone with PD?

A

a resistance to passive movements that presents as slow, jerky movements, sustained muscle contractions, and muscle soreness/pain

39
Q

What is Bradykinesia looks like in someone with PD?

A

A loss of automatic movements including blinking, arm swinging, swallowing saliva, self-expression, and spontaneous movements

40
Q

What is the goal of Pharmacology in Neuro disorders?

A

Alleviate signs and symptoms and slow down disability

41
Q

What are complications that often appear as a result of Parkinson’s Disease

A

dementia, depression, anxiety, malnutrition, aspiration, pneumonia, UTIs, and skin breakdown

42
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?

A

An autoimmune disorder and type 2 hypersensitivity reaction characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness of certain muscle groups

43
Q

Who is at risk of developing myasthenia gravis?

A

women between 10 and 65 years old

44
Q

How do antibodies cause Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Antibodies attack Acetylcholine receptors which causes a decrease in acetylcholine sites and less Acetylcholine initiating muscl contraction

45
Q

How would an individual with Myasthenia Gravis present?

A

They would present with fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness, increased strength after rest, and trouble controlling muscle movements of the eyes, eyelids, face, throat, and respiratory system

46
Q

What is a major complication of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

breathing muscle weakness

47
Q

What is a Myasthenic Crisis?

A

An acute muscle exacerbation triggered by a stressor such as infection, surgery, emotional distress, pregnancy, menses, or not enough neostigmine

Patho Pharm 3 (10 decks)

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