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anatomy > LL4. knee/ankle/foot > Flashcards

LL4. knee/ankle/foot Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

what type of joint is knee joint

A

→ hinge type synoival joint

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2
Q

where is knee joint most stable

A
  • Most stable in extension
    • condyles sit better in plateau
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3
Q

function of menisci

A

2 menisci on which condyles of femur rest = increases area of contact

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4
Q

function of cruciate ligaments

A

cruciate ligaments bind the femur to tibia to prevent sliding

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5
Q

function of collateral ligaments and patella

A

further reinforce joint to help quad femoris

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6
Q

patella structure

A
  • sesamoid bone
  • sits front of knee joint in patellofemoral groove of femur
  • attaches to quadriceps tendon (s) and patellar ligament (i)
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7
Q

patella function

A
  1. leg extension = enhances leverage that quad tendon exurts on femur increasing efficiency
  2. protection = protects anterior aspect of knee joint from trauma
  3. reduces friction in tendon
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8
Q

most common dislocation of patella

A
  • most commonly dislocates laterally
    • because femur is at an angle due to femoral neck
  • vastus medialis and lateral condyle prevents patella moving laterally
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9
Q

what is Patellar ligament and its attachment

A

a continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella.
It attaches to the tibial tuberosity.

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10
Q

describe the condyles of the femur

A
  • lateral (bigger)
    • acts as resistance to prevent patella moving laterally
  • medial
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11
Q

function of medial and lateral menisci

A
  • fibrocartilage structures
  • deepen articular surface of tibia to increase stability of joint
  • act as shock absorbers by increasing surface area
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12
Q

difference between medial and lateral menisci

A
  • medial meniscus
    • wider
    • fixed to the tibial collateral ligament and the joint capsule
    • less mobile
  • lateral meniscus
    • circular
    • smaller
    • does not have any extra attachments, rendering it mobile
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13
Q

which meniscus is fixed to the medial collateral ligament

A

medial = lateral is more mobile

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14
Q

function of medial and lateral collateral ligaments

A
  • extension = taut (tight)
  • prevents side to side movement of tibia on femur
  • stabilise the hinge motion of the knee, preventing excessive medial or lateral movement
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15
Q

difference between medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments

A
  • medial (tibial) = wide and flat
    • attachments:
      • medial epicondyle of femur
      • medial miniscus
  • lateral (fibular) = thinner and rounder
    • attachments:
      • lateral epicondyle of femur
      • head of fibula
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16
Q

function of cruciate ligaments

A

connect femur and tibia and prevent dislocation

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17
Q

structure and function of ACL

A

from anterior intercondylar area of tibia → medial aspect of lateral femoral condyle

  • prevents anterior dislocation of tibia onto femur
  • Prevents posterior rolling of femur on tibia
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18
Q

what movement would cause damage to ACL

A

force to lateral aspect + medial twist movement = damage

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19
Q

structure and function of PCL

A

from posterior intercondylar area of tibia → lateral aspect of medial femoral condyle

  • prevents proximal dislocation of tibia on femur
  • Prevents anterior rolling of femur on tibia (downhill)
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20
Q

blood supply to knee joint

A

genicular anastomoses around knee from femoral and popliteal arteries

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21
Q

function of popliteus

A

lateral condyle → round

Unlocks the knee

Rotates femur laterally

Assists in flexion

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22
Q

muscles allowing extension of knee

A

Produced by the quadriceps femoris, which inserts into the tibial tuberosity.

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23
Q

muscles allowing flexion of knee

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A

Produced by the hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus

24
Q

muscles allowing lateral rotation of knee

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A

Produced by the biceps femoris.

25
muscles allowing medial rotation of knee
Produced by five muscles; semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus.
26
articulation at knee joint
femoral → tibial condyles
27
tibiofemoral surface
surface covered with hyaline cartilage to allow less friction
28
patellofemoral surface
- anteriordistal ends of femur - patella sits in groove - hyaline cartilage
29
osteoarthritis of knee
- cartilage breaks down due to wear and tear → stiffness - damage to ligaments - tricompartmental
30
what is knee lock
give quads etc rest while keeping body extended
31
ankle joint articulations
formed between distal ends of tibia and fibula and talus
32
bones of ankle/foot
Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuneiform (MIL) Cuboid Metatarsals Phalanges
33
what keens tendons of foot tight
Flexor retinaculum
34
function of arches of foot
⇒ Distribute body weight/Shock absorber
35
where is Transverse arch
ball of foot
36
where is Medial longitudinal arch
between first metatarsal and calcaneous
37
where is Lateral longitudinal arch
between 5th metatarsal and calcaneous
38
contents of layer 1 of foot (most superficial)
Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor hallucis Abductor digiti minimi
39
abductor hallucis AOAI
layer1 ACTION: abduction and flexion of great toe ORIGIN: calcaneus/flexor retinaculum/plantar aponeurosis ATTACHMENT: proximal phalanx of great toe INNERVATION: medial plantar nerve
40
flexor digitorum brevis AOAI
layer1 ACTION: flexion of lateral 4 toes ORIGIN: calcaneus/plantar aponeurosis ATTACHMENT: middle phalanges of lateral 4 digits INNERVATION: medial plantar nerve
41
abductor digiti minimi AOAI
layer1 ACTION: abduction and flexion of little toe ORIGIN: calcaneus/plantar aponeurosis ATTACHMENT: base of proximal phalanx of pinky toe INNERVATION: lateral plantar nerve
42
muscles in second layer of foot muscles
lumbricals quadratus plantae
43
quadratus plantae AOAI
layer2 ACTION: helps flex lateral toes ORIGIN: calcaneus/plantar aponeurosis ATTACHMENT: tendons of flexor digitorum longus INNERVATION: lateral plantar nerve
44
lumbricals AOAI
layer2 ACTION: flexes MTP joints and extends IP joints ORIGIN: tendons of flexor digitorum longus ATTACHMENT: extensor hoods of lat 4 digits INNERVATION: lateral - lateral plantar nerve medial - medial plantar nerve
45
muscles in third layer of foot
flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis
46
flexor hallucis brevis
layer3 ACTION: flexion of great toe at MTP ORIGIN: bones/posterior tibialis tendon ATTACHMENT: base of great toe INNERVATION: medial plantar
47
adductor hallucis
layer3 ACTION: adduction of great toe/transverse arch ORIGIN: bases of metatarsals ATTACHMENT: base of great toe INNERVATION: D lateral plantar nerve
48
flexor digiti minimi brevis AOAI
layer3 ACTION: flexion of little toe at MTP ORIGIN: base of 5th MT ATTACHMENT: prox phalanx of 5th digit INNERVATION: S lateral plantar nerve
49
muscles in fourth layer of foot (deepest)
plantar interossei dorsal interossei
50
plantar interossei AOAI
layer4 = 3 muscles ACTION: adduction of lateral 3 digits/flexion of MTP joints ORIGIN: medial MT 3-5 ATTACHMENT: medial phalanges 3-5 INNERVATION: lateral plantar nerve
51
dorsal interossei AOAI
layer4 = 4 muscles ACTION: abduction of lateral 4 digits/flexion of MTP joints ORIGIN: lat MT 3-5 ATTACHMENT: lat phalanges 3-5 INNERVATION: lateral plantar nerve
52
aching and numbness on medial sole of foot
medial plantar nerve can become compressed and irritated as it passes deep to the abductor hallucis muscle.
53
what does medial plantar nerve innervate (FAFF)
- flexor hallucis brevis - abductor hallucis - flexor digitorum brevis - first lumbrical
54
what does lateral plantar nerve innervate
everything except the faff - flexor hallucis brevis - abductor hallucis - flexor digitorum brevis - first lumbrical
55
what innervates the heel
tibial nerve
56
what innervates medial side of foot (3.5 toes)
medial plantar nerve
57
what innervates lateral side of foot (1.5 toes)
lateral plantar nerve

anatomy (15 decks)

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