N2. external features of brian

Question 1

Cranial

Answer 1

‘towards the head’

Question 2

Caudal

Answer 2

‘tail end’

Question 3

Rostral

Answer 3

‘towards the face’

Question 4

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 4

• all nervous tissue outside the CNS, mainly nerves:
  
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • autonomic nerves

Question 5

3 anatomical parts of brian

Answer 5

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem

Question 6

what is the cerebral cortex

Answer 6

The surface of the cerebrum

Question 7

folds of cortex are called

Answer 7

gyri

Question 8

grooves of cortex are called

Answer 8

sulci

Question 9

types of sulci

Answer 9

• Central
• Lateral
• Parieto-occipital

Question 10

types of gyri

Answer 10

• Precentral gyrus
• Postcentral gyrus

Question 11

frontal lobe function

Answer 11

• motor area
• pre-central gyrus = primary motor cortex

Question 12

parietal lobe function

Answer 12

• sensory area
• postcentral gyrus = primary somatosensory cortex

Question 13

occipital lobe function

Answer 13

• visual area
• primary visual cortex

Question 14

temporal lobe

Answer 14

auditory area

Question 15

what is broca’s aphasia

Answer 15

damage to broca’s area in prefrontal cortex causes an issue with speech production = language deficit

Question 16

cerebellum functions

Answer 16

• coordination of movement
• maintaining balance and posture
• motor learning

Question 17

strucure of cerebellum

Answer 17

• found in posterior cranial fossa
• separated by tentorium cerebelli
• highly folded cortex-folia
• arbor vitae = tree of life = white matter

Question 18

external features of cerebellum

Answer 18

superior
- anterior lobe
- primary fissure
- posterior lobe
- vermis

inferior
- peduncles
- HZ fissure
- flocculonodular lobe
- flocculus
- tonsils
- nodule

Question 19

what are cerebellar peduncles

Answer 19

• fibre bundles attached to the brainstem
• Carry input and output to and from the cerebellum
  
  • Superior peduncle-midbrain
  • Middle peduncle-pons
  • Inferior peduncle-medulla

Question 20

morphological divisions of cerebellum

Answer 20

• vermis
• lateral hemispheres
• flocculonodular lobe
  LVFL

Question 21

functional divisions of cerebellum

Answer 21

Spinocerebellum (S):

• Sensing proprioceptive input
• Adapting the body to changing circumstances (i.e., posture regulation)

Cerebrocerebellum (C):
- Regulating the cerebral cortical motor
- Output (i.e., fine coordination of limb movement)
- Inhibiting involuntary movement

Vestibulocerebellum (V):
- Maintaining balance, spatial orientation and muscle tone
- Integrating vestibular information for controlling eye and head movements

Question 22

what are cranial meninges

Answer 22

• The brain and spinal cord are covered with membranes called meninges
• suspended in cerebrospinal fluid

Question 23

layers of meninges

Answer 23

• dura mater
• arachnoid mater
• pia mater
• = PAD

Question 24

dura mater structural features

Answer 24

• tough
• layers:
  
  • periosteal
  • meningeal
• can form sinuses
• infoldings of dura
  
  • falx ceribri
  • falx cerebelli
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • diaphragma sellae

Question 25

arachnoid and pia mater

Answer 25

- Arachnoid mater: deep to the dura. - Thin and loosely encloses the brain and spinal cord. - Pia mater: deep to the arachnoid. - Adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. - Very thin and cannot be seen with the naked eye

Question 26

what are ventricles filled with

Answer 26

CSF

Question 27

functions of CSF

Answer 27

- Protects the brain by providing cushion against trauma - Provided nutrients to the brain - Prevents nerves and blood vessels from being compressed between the brain and skull

Question 28

where is CSF produced and circulated

Answer 28

choroid plexus - circulates through ventricles - subarachnoid space - reabsorbed by arachnoid villi into venous circulation

Question 29

describe the ventricular system of the brain

Answer 29

2X Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Munro) Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvian aqueduct) Fourth ventricle Central canal

Question 30

types of haemorrhages

Answer 30

Extradural - between the skull and dura mater Subdural - between dura and arachnoid mater (appears as a crescent on a CT) Subarachnoid - between the arachnoid and pia Intracerebral - rupture of small vessels leading to bleeding in the brain tissue

Question 31

types of haemorrhages

Answer 31

Extradural - between the skull and dura mater Subdural - between dura and arachnoid mater (appears as a crescent on a CT) Subarachnoid - between the arachnoid and pia Intracerebral - rupture of small vessels leading to bleeding in the brain tissue

Question 32

hydrocephalus

Answer 32

build up of CSF within the ventricles, resulting in enlarged ventricles

Question 33

what might cause extradural haemorrhages

Answer 33

result of a tear of the meningeal arteries

Question 34

what might cause subdural haemorrhages

Answer 34

typically after high impact injury

Question 35

what might cause subarachnoid haemorrhages

Answer 35

- typically after head injury - blood surrounds the brain and fills the sulci

Question 36

what might cause intracerebral haemorrhages

Answer 36

what might cause subarachnoid haemorrhages

Question 37

what might cause intracerebral haemorrhages

Answer 37

what might cause subarachnoid haemorrhages