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LO1 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Define erythrocytes

A

Erythrocytes are red blood cells which transport O2/CO2 within body.

-Shaped like a disc to maximise amount of haemoglobin carried (bi-concave)
-Made in bone marrow
-Small/flexible to get into narrow vessels

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2
Q

Define leucocytes

A

White blood cells/body’s immune system
that defend against infections. Detect abnormal material.

Three different types of white blood cells

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3
Q

Define lymphocytes

A

Two types of lymphocytes:
-B-cells produce antibodies to destroy antigens bacteria/viruses
-T-cells destroy body cells which have been infected by antigen/virus

Made in bone marrow

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4
Q

Define neutrophils

A

First cell to travel to infection site and protects body against bacterial infection

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5
Q

Define monocyte

A

Largest type of white blood cells, released into blood and tissues. Quickly rush to site to attack

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6
Q

Define platelets

A

Fragments of larger cells which help to form blood clots by clumping together, to slow/stop bleeding help wounds heal
Made in the bone marrow

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7
Q

Define plasma

A

Largest component of blood, makes up 55% of blood. Clear-yellowish liquid carrying platelets red/white blood cells.
Also providing transport for glucose, hormones,CO2/O2

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8
Q

What are the 5 functions of blood

A

Transport
Temperature regulation
Exchange of materials
Preventing infection
Blood clotting

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9
Q

How does blood transport substances

A

Transported through network of blood vessels (channels made of connective tissue) extended throughout body. Blood carries substances to be delivered/removed

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10
Q

How does blood control temperature regulation

A

Vasodilation/constriction blood vessels constrict/dilate to release/conserve heat. Temperature is also regulated by removing heat from tissues and circulating around body

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11
Q

How does blood prevent infection

A

White blood cells (leukocytes) the WBC detect pathogen destroying/attacking pathogen also destroying the body cells which have been infected

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12
Q

How does blood clot

A

Blood clotting to stop the bleeding by forming a clot around the wound. By platelets accumulating around wound (platelet plug)

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13
Q

How does the blood exchange materials

A

Capillaries allow the exchange of substances through their thin walls. As blood travels at high pressure in arteries towards the capillaries. Pressure filtration occurs through the capillary wall into tissues/fluid (O2/CO2/Urea/Glucose)

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14
Q

Define the Superior/Inferior vena cava

A

Large vein carrying blood from body to the heart

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15
Q

Define left/right atrium

A

Chamber of the heart where blood enters the heart

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16
Q

Define pulmonary veins

A

Takes blood from the lungs back into the heart LA

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17
Q

Name the 4 valves

A

Tricuspid valve- separates RA/RV
Pulmonary valve- separates pulmonary artey/RV
Aortic valve- separates LV/aorta
Mitral valve- separates LA/LV

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18
Q

Define myocardium

A

Muscular wall of heart which contracts to pump blood

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19
Q

Define pulmonary artery

A

Carries blood from the RV to the lungs for oxygenation

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20
Q

Define left/right ventricles

A

Chamber which pumps blood out of the heart into the circulatory system

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21
Q

Which side of the heart is deoxygenated

A

Right- deoxygenated
Left- oxygenated

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22
Q

Describe the route of blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated
Arrives from body vena cava, RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery
Lungs
Oxygenated
Arrives from lungs pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve, aorta
Body

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23
Q

Detailed description of how blood flows through the heart

A

Blood from lungs (oxygen) returns to the heart via pulmonary vein enters left atrium

Blood passes through mitral (bicuspid) valve into LV

Blood forced out of the aorta carrying oxygenated blood to rest of body

Deoxygenated blood returns from body via superior/inferior vena cava

Blood squeezed through tricuspid valve into RV

Blood forced through pulmonary artery which carries deoxygen blood to the lungs

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24
Q

Define double circulatory system

A

Circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice and has two separate circuits, one for oxygenated blood and one for deoxygenated blood

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25
Name the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle
Atrial systole Ventricular systole Complete cardiac diastole
26
Define systole/diastole
Systole- heart contracting Diastole- heart relaxing
27
Define atrial systole
contraction of the R/L atria
28
Define ventricular systole
Contraction of the ventricles
29
Define complete cardiac diastole
Relaxation of the atria/ventricles
30
Name the 3 sections in the heart's electrical conduction system
Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Purkinje fibres
31
Define sinoatrial node
Sinoatrial node (SA) located in the upper wall of right atrium Known as pacemaker responsible for setting the rhythm of heart, ensuring atria contract simultaneously
32
Define atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular node (AV) located in bottom of the right atrium Responsible for delaying electrical impulses it receives from SA node The delay allows time for blood to empty out of the atria into the ventricles
33
Define purkinje fibres
Fine specialised cardiac muscle fibres that rapidly transmit impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. The impulse in ventricle walls causes contraction
34
Define ECG
Electrocardiogram- shows a recording of the heart's electrical activity
35
Name the 5 waves on an ECG
P- atrial contraction Q,R,S- shows ventricular contraction (systole) T- shows ventricles relaxing (diastole)
36
What is the sequence on how blood moves around the body
Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, heart
37
Define artery
Carry blood away from heart, walls consist of thick layers, elastic fibres and muscle as it is carried under pressure
38
Define veins
Carrying blood back to the heart, having large internal diameters but thin walls. Blood flowing is not under pressure so veins have valves
39
Name the differences between an artery and vein
Artery- blood delivered under pressure Walls are thick Smaller diameter Carries oxygenated blood Veins- large internal diameters isn't carried under pressure has valves to prevent backflow Carries deoxygenated blood
40
Define capillaries
Smallest blood vessel made of single layer cell, to allow for exchange of H2O,CO2,O2 to surrounding tissues
41
Define lymph
Lymph is a fluid that flows through (lymphatic system) vessels of increasing size before returning to the blood.
42
Name what the lymphatic system consists of x5
Lymph Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Lymph organs (spleen/thymus) Bone marrow
43
Name the roles of the lymphatic system x4
Acts as a drainage/filtration system Removing excess fluid from body tissues Absorbing fatty acids/transports fat into the bloodstream to be absorbed into small intestine Produces white blood cells, turn into antibodies
44
Explain role of lymphatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure=pressure from heart contractions. Forcing water/dissolved substances in blood plasma out through capillary walls into surrounding tissues, forming tissue fluid.
45
Name 3 components included in lymphatic system
Blood plasma, tissue fluid, lymph
46
Name 3 blood proteins
Albumin- Carrier blood protein for steroids, fatty acids, hormones Globulin- main function to support immune system Fibrinogen- support blood coagulation (clotting)
47
Define Coronary heart disease
Blood vessels supplying blood to the heart narrowed/blocked. Can result in heart attack
48
Causes of Coronary heart disease
Caused by the build up of fatty deposits on walls of arteries/around the heart Develop due to: Lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise, obesity, high cholesterol levels, HBP, diabetes)
49
Symptoms of Coronary heart disease
Angina- breathlessness, nausea, dizziness, chest pain Heart attack- feeling weak, sweating, shortness of breath, pain which expands across body
50
Diagnosis of Coronary heart disease
ECG- check electrical activity/low blood flow to heart MRI- detect tissue damage/size of blood flow to/around the heart
51
Treatments for Coronary heart disease (non surgical)
Regular blood tests- check levels of fats/cholesterol in blood ECG- measures electrical activity (monitoring) Medication- Nitrates relax coronary arteries increasing blood flow to heart Statins to decrease cholesterol Anticoagulant to decrease likelihood of clots
52
Treatments for Coronary heart disease (surgical)
Angioplasty- deflated balloon inserted into narrowed artery and inflate, putting stent in place to open up narrowed artery Coronary artery bypass surgery- Creating a new route for blood to travel bypassing blocked artery, improve blood flow
53
Impacts on lifestyle Coronary heart disease
Prolonged time off work due to appointments/surgery recovery Can't participate in heavy activity (shortness of breath) Stairs Lifestyle changes (diet, smoking) Scared to be alone due to fear of heart attack
54
Define hypertension HBP
When pressure in your blood vessels is unusually high Ideal BP: 90/60 - 120/80 High BP: 140/90 +
55
Causes of hypertension
Factors increase likelihood: age family history stress salt intake lack of exercise overweight smoking/alcohol Some conditions can cause HBP: kidney disease, diabetes, hormone imbalance
56
Symptoms of hypertension
No visible symptoms only present on BP monitor
57
Treatments for hypertension
Regular monitoring using BPM/cuff Healthier lifestyle (diet, exercise, reduce stress, improve sleep) Medication- recommend medication daily ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure help relax arteries, no restricted blood flow Beta blockers causes heart to beat slower and less force lowering BP If left untreated increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke
58
Impacts on lifestyle for hypertension
Major change to lifestyle- hard to break patterns Regular monitor/appointments Daily medication Lower mood/fatigue Increased risk of developing coronary heart disease
59
Define angina
Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart (currently not a heart attack)
60
Define heart attack
Artery carrying blood to the heart is blocked, restricting blood/O2 flow causing heart muscle to die
61
What is the difference between angina and a heart attack
Angina is the pain caused by a reduced blood flow to the heart while heart attack blood flow is blocked. Although heart attack produces angina like symptoms still different as heart muscle dies during a heart attack
62
Treatments for angina
Nitrates medication diluting blood vessels of the heart to increase blood flow to heart Aspirin- other anti-platelet medicines prevent clotting Beta blockers- make heart beat slower/less forceful to lower blood pressure Nitroglycerin- relief angina pain symptoms
63
Treatments for a heart attack
Anti-platelet medicines- (aspirin) prevent clotting Thrombolytics- dissolve blood clots Nitroglycerin- relieve angina symptoms Beta blockers- heart beat slower/less forceful

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