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Health And Social > LO1 > Flashcards

LO1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define erythrocytes

A

Erythrocytes are red blood cells which transport O2/CO2 within body.

-Shaped like a disc to maximise amount of haemoglobin carried (bi-concave)
-Made in bone marrow
-Small/flexible to get into narrow vessels

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2
Q

Define leucocytes

A

White blood cells/body’s immune system
that defend against infections. Detect abnormal material.

Three different types of white blood cells

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3
Q

Define lymphocytes

A

Two types of lymphocytes:
-B-cells produce antibodies to destroy antigens bacteria/viruses
-T-cells destroy body cells which have been infected by antigen/virus

Made in bone marrow

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4
Q

Define neutrophils

A

First cell to travel to infection site and protects body against bacterial infection

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5
Q

Define monocyte

A

Largest type of white blood cells, released into blood and tissues. Quickly rush to site to attack

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6
Q

Define platelets

A

Fragments of larger cells which help to form blood clots by clumping together, to slow/stop bleeding help wounds heal
Made in the bone marrow

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7
Q

Define plasma

A

Largest component of blood, makes up 55% of blood. Clear-yellowish liquid carrying platelets red/white blood cells.
Also providing transport for glucose, hormones,CO2/O2

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8
Q

What are the 5 functions of blood

A

Transport
Temperature regulation
Exchange of materials
Preventing infection
Blood clotting

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9
Q

How does blood transport substances

A

Transported through network of blood vessels (channels made of connective tissue) extended throughout body. Blood carries substances to be delivered/removed

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10
Q

How does blood control temperature regulation

A

Vasodilation/constriction blood vessels constrict/dilate to release/conserve heat. Temperature is also regulated by removing heat from tissues and circulating around body

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11
Q

How does blood prevent infection

A

White blood cells (leukocytes) the WBC detect pathogen destroying/attacking pathogen also destroying the body cells which have been infected

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12
Q

How does blood clot

A

Blood clotting to stop the bleeding by forming a clot around the wound. By platelets accumulating around wound (platelet plug)

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13
Q

How does the blood exchange materials

A

Capillaries allow the exchange of substances through their thin walls. As blood travels at high pressure in arteries towards the capillaries. Pressure filtration occurs through the capillary wall into tissues/fluid (O2/CO2/Urea/Glucose)

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14
Q

Define the Superior/Inferior vena cava

A

Large vein carrying blood from body to the heart

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15
Q

Define left/right atrium

A

Chamber of the heart where blood enters the heart

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16
Q

Define pulmonary veins

A

Takes blood from the lungs back into the heart LA

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17
Q

Name the 4 valves

A

Tricuspid valve- separates RA/RV
Pulmonary valve- separates pulmonary artey/RV
Aortic valve- separates LV/aorta
Mitral valve- separates LA/LV

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18
Q

Define myocardium

A

Muscular wall of heart which contracts to pump blood

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19
Q

Define pulmonary artery

A

Carries blood from the RV to the lungs for oxygenation

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20
Q

Define left/right ventricles

A

Chamber which pumps blood out of the heart into the circulatory system

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21
Q

Which side of the heart is deoxygenated

A

Right- deoxygenated
Left- oxygenated

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22
Q

Describe the route of blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated
Arrives from body vena cava, RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery
Lungs
Oxygenated
Arrives from lungs pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve, aorta
Body

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23
Q

Detailed description of how blood flows through the heart

A

Blood from lungs (oxygen) returns to the heart via pulmonary vein enters left atrium

Blood passes through mitral (bicuspid) valve into LV

Blood forced out of the aorta carrying oxygenated blood to rest of body

Deoxygenated blood returns from body via superior/inferior vena cava

Blood squeezed through tricuspid valve into RV

Blood forced through pulmonary artery which carries deoxygen blood to the lungs

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24
Q

Define double circulatory system

A

Circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice and has two separate circuits, one for oxygenated blood and one for deoxygenated blood

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25
Q

Name the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Complete cardiac diastole

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26
Q

Define systole/diastole

A

Systole- heart contracting
Diastole- heart relaxing

27
Q

Define atrial systole

A

contraction of the R/L atria

28
Q

Define ventricular systole

A

Contraction of the ventricles

29
Q

Define complete cardiac diastole

A

Relaxation of the atria/ventricles

30
Q

Name the 3 sections in the heart’s electrical conduction system

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Purkinje fibres

31
Q

Define sinoatrial node

A

Sinoatrial node (SA) located in the upper wall of right atrium
Known as pacemaker responsible for setting the rhythm of heart, ensuring atria contract simultaneously

32
Q

Define atrioventricular node

A

Atrioventricular node (AV) located in bottom of the right atrium

Responsible for delaying electrical impulses it receives from SA node

The delay allows time for blood to empty out of the atria into the ventricles

33
Q

Define purkinje fibres

A

Fine specialised cardiac muscle fibres that rapidly transmit impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. The impulse in ventricle walls causes contraction

34
Q

Define ECG

A

Electrocardiogram- shows a recording of the heart’s electrical activity

35
Q

Name the 5 waves on an ECG

A

P- atrial contraction
Q,R,S- shows ventricular contraction (systole)
T- shows ventricles relaxing (diastole)

36
Q

What is the sequence on how blood moves around the body

A

Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, heart

37
Q

Define artery

A

Carry blood away from heart, walls consist of thick layers, elastic fibres and muscle as it is carried under pressure

38
Q

Define veins

A

Carrying blood back to the heart, having large internal diameters but thin walls. Blood flowing is not under pressure so veins have valves

39
Q

Name the differences between an artery and vein

A

Artery- blood delivered under pressure
Walls are thick
Smaller diameter
Carries oxygenated blood

Veins- large internal diameters
isn’t carried under pressure
has valves to prevent backflow
Carries deoxygenated blood

40
Q

Define capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessel made of single layer cell, to allow for exchange of H2O,CO2,O2 to surrounding tissues

41
Q

Define lymph

A

Lymph is a fluid that flows through (lymphatic system) vessels of increasing size before returning to the blood.

42
Q

Name what the lymphatic system consists of x5

A

Lymph
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph organs (spleen/thymus)
Bone marrow

43
Q

Name the roles of the lymphatic system x4

A

Acts as a drainage/filtration system

Removing excess fluid from body tissues

Absorbing fatty acids/transports fat into the bloodstream to be absorbed into small intestine

Produces white blood cells, turn into antibodies

44
Q

Explain role of lymphatic pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure=pressure from heart contractions.
Forcing water/dissolved substances in blood plasma out through capillary walls into surrounding tissues, forming tissue fluid.

45
Q

Name 3 components included in lymphatic system

A

Blood plasma, tissue fluid, lymph

46
Q

Name 3 blood proteins

A

Albumin- Carrier blood protein for steroids, fatty acids, hormones

Globulin- main function to support immune system

Fibrinogen- support blood coagulation (clotting)

47
Q

Define Coronary heart disease

A

Blood vessels supplying blood to the heart narrowed/blocked. Can result in heart attack

48
Q

Causes of Coronary heart disease

A

Caused by the build up of fatty deposits on walls of arteries/around the heart

Develop due to:
Lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise, obesity, high cholesterol levels, HBP, diabetes)

49
Q

Symptoms of Coronary heart disease

A

Angina- breathlessness, nausea, dizziness, chest pain
Heart attack- feeling weak, sweating, shortness of breath, pain which expands across body

50
Q

Diagnosis of Coronary heart disease

A

ECG- check electrical activity/low blood flow to heart
MRI- detect tissue damage/size of blood flow to/around the heart

51
Q

Treatments for Coronary heart disease
(non surgical)

A

Regular blood tests- check levels of fats/cholesterol in blood

ECG- measures electrical activity (monitoring)

Medication- Nitrates relax coronary arteries increasing blood flow to heart
Statins to decrease cholesterol
Anticoagulant to decrease likelihood of clots

52
Q

Treatments for Coronary heart disease (surgical)

A

Angioplasty- deflated balloon inserted into narrowed artery and inflate, putting stent in place to open up narrowed artery

Coronary artery bypass surgery- Creating a new route for blood to travel bypassing blocked artery, improve blood flow

53
Q

Impacts on lifestyle Coronary heart disease

A

Prolonged time off work due to appointments/surgery recovery

Can’t participate in heavy activity (shortness of breath) Stairs

Lifestyle changes (diet, smoking)
Scared to be alone due to fear of heart attack

54
Q

Define hypertension HBP

A

When pressure in your blood vessels is unusually high

Ideal BP: 90/60 - 120/80
High BP: 140/90 +

55
Q

Causes of hypertension

A

Factors increase likelihood:
age
family history
stress
salt intake
lack of exercise
overweight
smoking/alcohol

Some conditions can cause HBP:
kidney disease, diabetes, hormone imbalance

56
Q

Symptoms of hypertension

A

No visible symptoms only present on BP monitor

57
Q

Treatments for hypertension

A

Regular monitoring using BPM/cuff
Healthier lifestyle (diet, exercise, reduce stress, improve sleep)

Medication- recommend medication daily
ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure help relax arteries, no restricted blood flow
Beta blockers causes heart to beat slower and less force lowering BP

If left untreated increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke

58
Q

Impacts on lifestyle for hypertension

A

Major change to lifestyle- hard to break patterns
Regular monitor/appointments
Daily medication
Lower mood/fatigue
Increased risk of developing coronary heart disease

59
Q

Define angina

A

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart (currently not a heart attack)

60
Q

Define heart attack

A

Artery carrying blood to the heart is blocked, restricting blood/O2 flow causing heart muscle to die

61
Q

What is the difference between angina and a heart attack

A

Angina is the pain caused by a reduced blood flow to the heart while heart attack blood flow is blocked.
Although heart attack produces angina like symptoms still different as heart muscle dies during a heart attack

62
Q

Treatments for angina

A

Nitrates medication diluting blood vessels of the heart to increase blood flow to heart

Aspirin- other anti-platelet medicines prevent clotting

Beta blockers- make heart beat slower/less forceful to lower blood pressure

Nitroglycerin- relief angina pain symptoms

63
Q

Treatments for a heart attack

A

Anti-platelet medicines- (aspirin) prevent clotting
Thrombolytics- dissolve blood clots
Nitroglycerin- relieve angina symptoms
Beta blockers- heart beat slower/less forceful

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