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LO5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define CNS

A

CNS control centre for body (brain/spinal cord).
Brain/spinal cord connected and nerves extending to every part of body

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2
Q

Define spinal cord

A

Spinal cord protected by vertebrae. These bones have hollow centre. Transmitting info to and from brain through nerves

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3
Q

Define autonomic system

A

Controls/regulates processes heart rate/gut movements. Actions are unconsciously controlled

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4
Q

Define sensory/motor neurones

A

Sensory nerves transmit info from senses to the brain

Motor nerves transmit info to muscles from the brain

Sensory/motor nerve pathways work together to produce movement

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5
Q

Define peripheral nervous systems

A

All nerves outside CNS make up peripheral nervous system. Relaying info from CNS to rest of the body.
These nerves include motor/sensory/autonomic nerves

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6
Q

Define nerves

A

Cells called neurones. Nerves are specialised cells carrying messages from one part of body to another via electrical impulses

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7
Q

Define cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of brain responsible for thinking, processing sensory info.
Four different lobes

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8
Q

Define cerebellum

A

Positioned back of skull.
Co-ordinates/regulates muscle activity (walking writing). Involved in muscle activity to maintain balance

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9
Q

Define frontal lobes

A

Carry out higher level mental processes such as thinking decision making

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10
Q

Define corpus callosum

A

Bridge of nerve tissue connecting two halves of the brain enabling communication between the two

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11
Q

Define hypothalamus

A

Responsible for maintenance of body temperature, regulating appetite, thirst

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12
Q

Define medulla

A

Automatically carries out life sustaining functions: breathing heart rate swallowing

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13
Q

Define meninges

A

Three layers of membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord providing a barrier from rest of body/infections

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14
Q

Define neuron

A

Specialised nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses

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15
Q

Define axon

A

Axon’s are long thread like nerve cell where impulses are conducted away from cell body to other cells

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16
Q

Define dendrons

A

Short branched structures on the neurone that receives electrical impulses carries towards cell body

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17
Q

Define myelin sheath

A

Fatty substance surrounding axon forming protective insulating layer. Enabling impulses to be transmitted quickly

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18
Q

How does info flow from one neurone to the next

A

Synaptic transmission

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19
Q

Name the 3 elements of synaptic transmission

A

Pre-synaptic transmission
Post-synaptic transmission
Synaptic cleft (gap between two neurones)

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20
Q

Explain synaptic transmission

A

Electrical impulse is released, travels along axon and reaches end of neurone

Triggers the release of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse/transmitting signals

Then bind to the next neurone on the receptor molecules

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21
Q

Define function of pancreas

A

Gland situated near stomach producing insulin, used to control blood sugar levels

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22
Q

Define function of pituitary gland

A

Located base of brain.
Master gland regulating all other endocrine glands

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23
Q

Define function of adrenal gland

A

2 adrenal glands on top of each kidney
Produce adrenaline, released in bloodstream as a response to threat prepares body to fight by increasing heart/breathing rate

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24
Q

Define function of thyroid gland

A

Lower part of neck
Produces thyroxine which affects growth and sustains metabolism

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25
Define ovaries/testes
Source of sex hormones Testes- male characteristics/sexual development- sperm facial hair Ovaries- produce oestrogen, eggs hormones control breast growth menstruation
26
Explain endocrine system
Made up of glands that secrete hormones to regulate body functions
27
Define hormone
Chemical substance that regulates the activity of cells/organs. Carried in bloodstream
28
Name the 8 components of the kidney
Cortex- outer layer Medulla- inner region contains nephrons Renal artery- supplies kidney with blood Renal vein- carries filtered blood Calyx- chambers through urine passes Ureters- tubes that carry urine form kidney to bladder Bladder- stores urine Urethra- urine passes out the body
29
Name 2 functions of the kidney
Removal of urea Regulation of water levels
30
What does a kidney nephron do
Filters your blood
31
Explain how the kidneys work (removal of urea)
Blood enters renal artery Enters nephrons splitting into smaller capillaries entering glomerulus (bundle of cap.) Amino acids/ions/water/urea squeezed out of glomerulus into Bowman's capsule through tiny pores. Large molecules stay, known as ultrafiltration Molecules move along nephron anything needed by body is reabsorbed (selective reabsorption) in the Loop of Henle Urea continues along nephron into collecting duct where urine is formed and transported out of kidney via ureters to bladder to urethra
32
Explain how kidney's work (regulation of water levels)
Same process of ultrafiltration occurs. But ions/water are selectively reabsorbed by the Loop of Henle. Water conc. controlled by hormone released by pituitary gland ADH. If blood needs more water- ADH released increases permeability of tubules and more water reabsorbed into blood If blood dilute- ADH stop released and less water reabsorbed producing more urine Known as negative feedback cycle
33
Explain osmoregulation
Active regulation of water balance/ homeostasis in the body
34
Explain deamination
Process by which excess amino acids are converted into ammonia When protein is eaten, excess of amino acids needs to be broken down, produces ammonia to maintain homeostasis
35
Explain detoxification
Once deamination has occured ammonia needs to be immediately converted into urea as it is highly toxic Urea transported in blood removed by kidneys in urine
36
Explain production of bile
Bile produced result of the breakdown of red blood cells Stored in gallbladder until needed for digestion/emulsification
37
Define homeostasis
Maintenance of a constant internal environment, conditions controlled by nervous/endocrine system. Vital functions- body temp, glucose levels, water content
38
Explain a negative feedback loop
Constant cancelling/enhancement of functions to ensure optimum levels Blood sugar increased insulin released convert to glycogen bring down glucose levels
39
Explain 2 types of stroke
Ischaemic stroke- blood clot blocks flow of blood/O2 to brain due to fatty deposits (plaques) Haemorrhagic stroke- cerebral haemorrhages occur when a blood vessel burst/ruptures in brain
40
Symptoms/effects of stroke
Droppiness to one side of face Unable to lift both arms up Speech slurred/ unable to Dizziness confusion mobility issues Headaches
41
Causes of stroke
Haemorrhagic stroke- HBP weakens arteries in brain Lifestyle factors- alcohol, smoking, high saturated diet Age 65+ Family history
42
Treatments for stroke
Blood clotting medication: Altepase- dissolves blood clot Aspirin- reduces chance of another clot forming Warfarin- anticoagulant for long term prevention of blood clots Surgery: Thrombectomy- removes blood clots, restoring blood flow to the brain Supportive treatment- Feeding tube- stroke impacted ability to swallow Mobility aid- mobility issue persisted Physiotherapy- improve/restore function of mobility ect.
43
Impacts of stroke
Death untreated Loss of independence due to needing assistance Emergency treatment- long time of work Regular physiotherapy appointments Adaptations in the home- stair lift Move into assisted livng May feel angry/frustrated
44
Explain Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disease where immune system attacks myelin sheath in brain/spinal cord (CNS). Causing myelin sheath to be inflamed disrupting messages travelling along nerves
45
Symptoms/effects of MS
fatigue difficulty walking numbess/tingling problems with balance/co-ordination poor bladder control problems with speech/thinking
46
Causes of MS
Partially genetically, not direct, just increases your chances Smoking increases your chances 2x Viral infections may trigger immune response Low vitamin D levels
47
Treatments of MS
Disease progresses in periods of remission/relapse affects everyone differently No cure only manage symptoms: Steroid medication- to treat relapses Disease modifying therapies- reduce the number of relapses/slowing progression of disease MS specialist/physiotherapy/speech therapist to help best quality outcome/ appointments to manage symptoms
48
Impacts of MS on daily life
Side effects of steroid medication Regular appointments (physiotherapy/speech) to encourage improvement Become housebound of mobility is lost May need to move into assisted living Feeling angry/frustration from condition
49
Explain Type 1/2 diabetes
Type 1- Autoimmune disease where immune system attacks cells that produce insulin Type 2- Body's production of insulin is insufficient to control blood glucose levels. Meaning glucose stays in blood and not used for energy. Untreated cause organ damage
50
Symptoms/effects of Type 1/2 diabetes
Feeling thirsty, urinating more Unexplained weight loss Cuts heal slowly Long term complications: Vision loss (retinopathy) Kidney failure Limb amputation
51
Causes of Type 1/2 diabetes
Type 1: Family history Type 2: Family history Poor health/exercising/overweight age
52
Treatments of Type 1/2 diabetes
Monitor blood glucose levels frequently Regular diabetic eye-screening retinopathy Insulin manually injected multiple times a day Healthy lifestyle eating/exercising Fitted with insulin pump Metformin lowers blood glucose levels decreasing amount of glucose produced by liver
53
Impacts of Type 1/2 diabetes on daily living
Regular check ups- hospital, eye screening Healthy eating/exercising Social effects of diabetes High maintenance of blood sugar levels Injecting insulin Monitoring food intake Managing episodes of high/ low blood sugars
54
Explain Nephrotic syndrome
Kidneys not functioning properly, as large amounts of protein leak into urine due to increased permeability of glomerulus. Leading to low levels of protein in blood causing water to be drawn into soft tissues resulting in odema (swelling)
55
Symptoms/effects of nephrotic syndrome
Swelling of body tissues High volume of urine passed Frequent infections due to lost protein antibodies Blood clots- proteins prevent clots but lost in urine
56
Causes of nephrotic syndrome
Usually diagnosed in young children 2-5 yr Kidney damage from another condition- Sickle cell anemia, HIV, Diabetes, Hepatitiis Inherited faulty gene
57
Treatments for nephrotic syndrome
Diuretic tablets- help reduce fluid build up in body Vaccinations- prevent frequent infection Steroids- prevent protein leaking into urine, long term use has severe side effects Albumin infusions- protein infusion slowly added into blood via IV Kidney transplant Dialysis- removal of waste products by specialised machine
58
Impacts of nephrotic syndrome on daily living
Waiting on transplant list High maintenance of dialysis- regular appointments Feeling tired/angry Prolonged period off work/school dialysis Affects social life (kids) Inability to take part in hobbies/sports
59
Explain liver disease/cirrhosis 3 types
Alcohol related liver disease- scarring of liver through high alcohol consumption leading to failure Haemochromatosis- faulty gene absorption of excessive iron from food causing build up/disease of liver. Deposits in pancreas, heart endocrine system Non alcoholic fatty liver disease- build up of fats in liver cells causes inflammation/scar tissue forming on liver/blood vessels. Cirrhosis and liver failure
60
Symptoms/effects of Liver disease cirrhosis
Nausea/vomitting blood Weight loss Jaundice Swelling of extremities Insommia
61
Causes of liver disease cirrhosis
Alcohol missuse Long term infection (Hepatitis C) Obesity fattly liver disease Faulty genes
62
Treatments for liver disease cirrhosis
No cure manage symptoms Lifestyle changes: healthy lifestyle (fatty liver) Alcohol missue support- to lower damage to liver cells Liver transplant- damage to extensive/liver failure transplant needed
63
Impacts of liver disease cirrhosis on daily living
Waiting for transplant Extensive surgery recovery time Dealing with major lifestyle change alcohol addiction. healthy eating Isolation due to feeling ill jaundice vomiting blood Increased care needs, support

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