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Health And Social > LO4 > Flashcards

LO4 Flashcards

1
Q

Name two types of bones

A

Vertical
Transverse

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2
Q

Name the 4 parts to the vertical bone

A

Spongy bone
Compact bone
Bone marrow
Cartilage

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3
Q

Define spongy bone

A

Provides balance to compact bone, making the bone lighter so muscles can move more easily

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4
Q

Define compact bone

A

Hard dense outer layer of bone, its function to primarily provide strength and protection to bones

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5
Q

Define bone marrow

A

Spongy substance found in centre of bones. (Essential part of body) Contains stem cells that produce blood cells making up the immune system

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6
Q

Define cartilage

A

Strong flexible connective tissue that protects joints/bones.
Shock absorber/ found at end of bones to reduce friction/prevent rubbing together

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7
Q

Name the 6 parts to the transverse bone

A

Osteon
Haversian canal
Osteocyte
Canaliculi
Lacunae
Lamellae

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8
Q

Define Haversian canal

A

Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves

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9
Q

Define osteocyte

A

Bone cells

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10
Q

Define osteon

A

Overall term for system that is made up of all sections

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11
Q

Define canaliculi

A

Tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes

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12
Q

Define lacunae

A

Spaces within hard bone that contain living osteocytes

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13
Q

Define lamellae

A

Layers of hard bone

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14
Q

Name the 5 types of joints

A

Ball and socket (hip/shoulder)
Hinge joint (elbow/knee)
Pivot joint (neck)
Sliding joint (wrist/ankle)
Fixed joint (skull)

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15
Q

Define synovial joint

A

A freely movable joint with a wide range of movement

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16
Q

What do ligaments attach

A

Ligaments attach bone to bone
(connective tissue)

17
Q

What do tendon attach

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone

18
Q

Define cartilage

A

Found at the end of bones to reduce friction and acts as a shock absorber

19
Q

Define ligament

A

Connective tissue to ensure bones/joints to move/dislocate to far

20
Q

Define tendons

A

Connective tissue allowing the transmission of muscle strength to bones and joints

21
Q

Explain how muscles work in pairs

A

Muscle work in pairs called antagonistic pairs
The muscle working contracts creating movement (agonist)
Other muscle relaxes letting movement take place (antagonist)

22
Q

Define osteoporosis

A

Condition where person has low bone density/protein matrix resulting in brittle bones.

23
Q

Symptoms of osteoporosis

A

No obvious symptoms besides frequent fractures

24
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A

Age (natural but extreme leads to osteoporosis)
Family history
Eating disorders
Other conditions increase vulnerability (COPD rheumatoid)
Women hormones, menopause
Lack of exercise/diet

25
Q

Treatments for osteoporosis

A

Taking calcium supplement
Physiotherapy
HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
prescribed for post menopausal women (oestrogen)
Regular exercise

26
Q

Impacts on lifestyle osteoporosis

A

Extra caution to avoid fractures
Loss of confidence
Coping with pain
Limits hobbies (gym/gardening)
Dietary changes

27
Q

Define osteoarthritis

A

Explained as general wear and tear of joints. Due to the cartilage becoming stiff/worn down, also deteriorates ligaments and tendons causing bones to rub against each other.

28
Q

Symptoms of osteoarthritis

A

Joints frequently stiff/sore especially in morning/evenings
Tenderness
Limited mobility
Cracking/grating sensation

29
Q

Causes of osteoarthritis

A

Ageing process (normal part of ageing but severe cases lead to osteo)
Overweight/obese due to excess strain on weight bearing joints
Develop in joints with injury/operation lead to osteo later in life

30
Q

Treatments osteoarthritis

A

Steroids reduces inflammation
Painkillers
Physiotherapy to strengthen/maintain muscles
Surgery (arthroplasty) knee replacement
weight reduction

31
Q

Impacts on lifestyle osteoarthritis

A

Attending regular appointments
Surgery- recovery time
Limited mobility impacts hobbies and social activities
Isolation

32
Q

Define rhuematoid arthritis

A

Auto-immune condition where body attacks cells that line joints causing synovial membrane lining joints to become inflammed/sore. Inflammation gradually destroys cartilage

33
Q

Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis

A

Medications/steroids reduce inflammation

DMARD (disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) immunosuppresants

Corticosteroids injections to reduce swelling
Physiotherapy- strengthen muscles maintain mobility

33
Q

Causes of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Exact cause unknown
Virus/infection can trigger condition
Risk increases in menopausal women due to hormone fluctuations (oestrogen)
Inherited

33
Q

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Change person and over time
Throbbing pain/aching/stiffness
Joints swell tender to touch
Rheumatoid nodules- firm swellings under skin

33
Q
A
34
Q

Impacts on daily life rheumatoid arthritis

A

Pain disrupts normal living (work, social, shopping)
Medication side effects (DMARD’s)
Coping with pain- tiredness
Struggle to maintain hobbies/social
arthritis can make preparing meals/ driving difficult
Home adaptions needed- seat in shower

35
Q

How do muscle work in pairs

A

Work in antagonistic pairs
Muscle contracting/movement called the agonist
While muscle relaxing/letting movement take place called the antagonist

36
Q

Explain how the forearm is raised/lowered (9 steps)

A

Bicep muscle contracts
Pulls on tendons attached to radius
Raises forearm
Meanwhile triceps relax and extend
Biceps/triceps act as antagonistic pair
Tricep contracts
Bicep relaxes
Tricep pulls on tendon attached to ulna
Forearm lowered

Health And Social (6 decks)

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