LO4

Question 1

Name two types of bones

Answer 1

Vertical
Transverse

Question 2

Name the 4 parts to the vertical bone

Answer 2

Spongy bone
Compact bone
Bone marrow
Cartilage

Question 3

Define spongy bone

Answer 3

Provides balance to compact bone, making the bone lighter so muscles can move more easily

Question 4

Define compact bone

Answer 4

Hard dense outer layer of bone, its function to primarily provide strength and protection to bones

Question 5

Define bone marrow

Answer 5

Spongy substance found in centre of bones. (Essential part of body) Contains stem cells that produce blood cells making up the immune system

Question 6

Define cartilage

Answer 6

Strong flexible connective tissue that protects joints/bones.
Shock absorber/ found at end of bones to reduce friction/prevent rubbing together

Question 7

Name the 6 parts to the transverse bone

Answer 7

Osteon
Haversian canal
Osteocyte
Canaliculi
Lacunae
Lamellae

Question 8

Define Haversian canal

Answer 8

Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves

Question 9

Define osteocyte

Answer 9

Bone cells

Question 10

Define osteon

Answer 10

Overall term for system that is made up of all sections

Question 11

Define canaliculi

Answer 11

Tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes

Question 12

Define lacunae

Answer 12

Spaces within hard bone that contain living osteocytes

Question 13

Define lamellae

Answer 13

Layers of hard bone

Question 14

Name the 5 types of joints

Answer 14

Ball and socket (hip/shoulder)
Hinge joint (elbow/knee)
Pivot joint (neck)
Sliding joint (wrist/ankle)
Fixed joint (skull)

Question 15

Define synovial joint

Answer 15

A freely movable joint with a wide range of movement

Question 16

What do ligaments attach

Answer 16

Ligaments attach bone to bone
(connective tissue)

Question 17

What do tendon attach

Answer 17

Tendons attach muscle to bone

Question 18

Define cartilage

Answer 18

Found at the end of bones to reduce friction and acts as a shock absorber

Question 19

Define ligament

Answer 19

Connective tissue to ensure bones/joints to move/dislocate to far

Question 20

Define tendons

Answer 20

Connective tissue allowing the transmission of muscle strength to bones and joints

Question 21

Explain how muscles work in pairs

Answer 21

Muscle work in pairs called antagonistic pairs
The muscle working contracts creating movement (agonist)
Other muscle relaxes letting movement take place (antagonist)

Question 22

Define osteoporosis

Answer 22

Condition where person has low bone density/protein matrix resulting in brittle bones.

Question 23

Symptoms of osteoporosis

Answer 23

No obvious symptoms besides frequent fractures

Question 24

Causes of osteoporosis

Answer 24

Age (natural but extreme leads to osteoporosis)
Family history
Eating disorders
Other conditions increase vulnerability (COPD rheumatoid)
Women hormones, menopause
Lack of exercise/diet

Question 25

Treatments for osteoporosis

Answer 25

Taking calcium supplement Physiotherapy HRT (hormone replacement therapy) prescribed for post menopausal women (oestrogen) Regular exercise

Question 26

Impacts on lifestyle osteoporosis

Answer 26

Extra caution to avoid fractures Loss of confidence Coping with pain Limits hobbies (gym/gardening) Dietary changes

Question 27

Define osteoarthritis

Answer 27

Explained as general wear and tear of joints. Due to the cartilage becoming stiff/worn down, also deteriorates ligaments and tendons causing bones to rub against each other.

Question 28

Symptoms of osteoarthritis

Answer 28

Joints frequently stiff/sore especially in morning/evenings Tenderness Limited mobility Cracking/grating sensation

Question 29

Causes of osteoarthritis

Answer 29

Ageing process (normal part of ageing but severe cases lead to osteo) Overweight/obese due to excess strain on weight bearing joints Develop in joints with injury/operation lead to osteo later in life

Question 30

Treatments osteoarthritis

Answer 30

Steroids reduces inflammation Painkillers Physiotherapy to strengthen/maintain muscles Surgery (arthroplasty) knee replacement weight reduction

Question 31

Impacts on lifestyle osteoarthritis

Answer 31

Attending regular appointments Surgery- recovery time Limited mobility impacts hobbies and social activities Isolation

Question 32

Define rhuematoid arthritis

Answer 32

Auto-immune condition where body attacks cells that line joints causing synovial membrane lining joints to become inflammed/sore. Inflammation gradually destroys cartilage

Question 33

Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 33

Medications/steroids reduce inflammation DMARD (disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) immunosuppresants Corticosteroids injections to reduce swelling Physiotherapy- strengthen muscles maintain mobility

Question 33

Causes of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 33

Exact cause unknown Virus/infection can trigger condition Risk increases in menopausal women due to hormone fluctuations (oestrogen) Inherited

Question 33

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 33

Change person and over time Throbbing pain/aching/stiffness Joints swell tender to touch Rheumatoid nodules- firm swellings under skin

Question 34

Impacts on daily life rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 34

Pain disrupts normal living (work, social, shopping) Medication side effects (DMARD's) Coping with pain- tiredness Struggle to maintain hobbies/social arthritis can make preparing meals/ driving difficult Home adaptions needed- seat in shower

Question 35

How do muscle work in pairs

Answer 35

Work in antagonistic pairs Muscle contracting/movement called the agonist While muscle relaxing/letting movement take place called the antagonist

Question 36

Explain how the forearm is raised/lowered (9 steps)

Answer 36

Bicep muscle contracts Pulls on tendons attached to radius Raises forearm Meanwhile triceps relax and extend Biceps/triceps act as antagonistic pair Tricep contracts Bicep relaxes Tricep pulls on tendon attached to ulna Forearm lowered