LO2

Question 1

What is the respiratory system

Answer 1

Is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. By taking in/absorbing oxygen and where has exchange takes place

Question 2

Name the 8 parts of the respiratory system

Answer 2

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Pleural membrane

Question 3

Larynx function

Answer 3

Also known as voice box, connecting the back of the nose and trachea. To create an air passage to the lungs

Question 4

Trachea function

Answer 4

Also known as windpipe. Starts at the pharynx (throat) then leads to bronchi.
The trachea is a tube like structure transporting air to the lungs

Question 5

Bronchi function

Answer 5

Two large tubes connected to the trachea, dividing the air into the lungs.
Has rings of cartilage to prevent from collapsing

Question 6

Bronchioles function

Answer 6

Bronchi leads onto bronchioles, these are smaller, and deliver air to the alveoli

Question 7

Alveoli function

Answer 7

Microscopic air sacs found in clusters at the end of bronchioles. Each alveolus is surrounded by network of capillaries where gas exchange takes place

Question 8

Diaphragm function

Answer 8

Muscle anchored to lower ribs, separating chest from the abdomen

Question 9

Intercostal muscles function

Answer 9

Muscles found between ribs, to help the chest cavity fall and rise

Question 10

Pleural membrane function

Answer 10

Covers the outside of lungs and inside of chest cavity. Essential for respiration as it acts as a lubricant needed to inhale/exhale, reducing the friction when lungs expand/contract

Question 11

Define/explain inspiration

Answer 11

Inspiration is respiratory system delivering O2 into body by breathing

Intercostal muscles pull rib cage up/out
Diaphragm flattens inwards
Increase in volume
Decrease in pressure
=air inflating lungs

Question 12

Define/explain expiration

Answer 12

Expiration removes the waste CO2 by breathing out

Intercostal muscles pull rib cage down/inwards
Diaphragm lifts up into dome shape
Decrease in volume
Increase in pressure
=CO2 forced out of lungs as they deflate

Question 13

Define gaseous exchange

Answer 13

Process involving the exchange of O2 and CO2 between capillaries and alveoli

Question 14

Explain the adaptation of the alveoli walls/structure

Answer 14

Alveoli walls only one cell thick for short diffusion path

Clusters of alveoli to increase SA and rate of diffusion

Every alveoli has a network of capillaries to maximise the diffusion rate/ rate of gaseous exchange

Question 15

Define cellular respiration

Answer 15

A set of chemical reactions/processes taking place in the mitochondria to convert biochemical energy (nutrients) into ATP and release the waste products

Question 16

Define/name ATP

Answer 16

Adenosine triphosphate

High energy molecule found in every cell. It’s job to store/supply the cell with the energy it needs

Question 17

Explain aerobic respiration (equation)

Answer 17

Glucose + oxygen -> CO2 + H2O
32ATP
Glucose from food is broken down into CO2 and water. The energy holding the glucose molecule is released.

Question 18

Explain anaerobic respiration (equation)

Answer 18

Glucose -> pyruvate -> lactate
2ATP
Glycolysis is the process that takes place in cytoplasm breaking down glucose and forms pyruvate with 2 ATP molecules providing energy.

Lack of oxygen leads to fermentation= lactic acid
Lactic acidosis later needs to be oxides as it is toxic and cells can die

Question 19

2 similarities of an/aerobic respiration

Answer 19

Both produce energy
Both require glucose

Question 20

What is asthma

Answer 20

Asthma is the inflammation of the bronchi causing airways to become narrowed/tightened. Which may be caused by contact with allergens (smoke,pollen)

Question 21

Symptoms of asthma

Answer 21

Reoccurring episodes of breathlessness (asthma attacks)
Tightening of chest
Wheezing

Question 22

Causes of asthma

Answer 22

No exact cause of asthma
Genetics, often runs in families
Environmental/social factors:
exposure to tobacco
allergen triggers (dust,pollen)
smoking in the womb
modern hygiene no resistance

Question 23

Treatments for asthma

Answer 23

Inhalers used to open airways/manage condition.
Preventative inhaler- used regularly to reduce inflammation of airways
Reliever inhalers- muscle relaxants for immediate relief of symptoms

Anti-inflammatory medication can be used to reduce swelling of airways

Identifying triggers to remove triggers from life to prevent attacks

De-sensitising injections to build a resistance to allergen

Question 24

Asthma impacts on daily life

Answer 24

Struggle to participate in intense physical activity
Unable to climb flights of stairs
Take time off work/school if had an attack
Attacks can lead to hospitalisations

Question 25

What is emphysema COPD

Answer 25

Emphysema is a condition where over time the lung tissue is damaged. The airways of the lungs become inflamed/narrowed and the alveoli become permanently damaged over time. Causing increasing difficulty to breathe

Question 26

Symptoms of emphysema

Answer 26

Shortness of breath Wheezing Persistent cough Frequent chest infections Symptoms get worse over time

Question 27

Causes of emphysema

Answer 27

90% of cases is lifestyle choice (smoking) Develop due to fumes/exposure to chemicals Genetics (rare)

Question 28

Treatments for emphysema

Answer 28

Inhalers to manage/control the inflammation of airways Medication/antibiotics to treat frequent chest infections. Anti-inflammatory medication to relieve symptoms Oxygen therapy to ensure the body is receiving enough O2 Pulmonary rehabilitation Ambulatory oxygen therapy long term oxygen therapy Physiotherapy to restore/improve the function of the lungs by exercises, manipulation, massage techniques to improve quality of life

Question 29

Impacts of emphysema on daily life

Answer 29

Emphysema causes breathlessness with tasks from major to minor Unable to participate in physical activity Unable to leave home Pro-longed period of absence from work/school Easily tired

Question 30

What is cystic fibrosis

Answer 30

Genetically inherited condition due to gene defect where the chromosome controlling the movement of salt/water in/out of cells. The protein produced by gene creates to much mucus in the lungs. Causing re-occurring infections.

Question 31

Symptoms of emphysema

Answer 31

Re-occurring chest infections Inflammation of airways Coughing, wheezing Digestive malfunctions as well

Question 32

Cause of cystic fibrosis

Answer 32

Both parents having a copy of the faulty gene, causing the child to inherit cystic fibrosis

Question 33

Impacts on daily life

Answer 33

Reduced life expectancy Pro-longed period of absence (hospitalisation) Embarrassment because of symptoms loss of independence Reduced tolerance to exercise

Question 33

Treatments of cystic fibrosis

Answer 33

Antibiotics to treat frequent chest infections Medication to make mucus thinner, easier to cough up Medication/inhalers to reduce inflammation Physiotherapy to improve function of body with exercises, massage techniques to improve the quality of life. Improve sleep patterns Surgery to remove the damaged section of lung/lung transplants. However only suitable when not controlled by medication

Question 34

Three ways to monitor respiratory malfunctions

Answer 34

Spirometry MRI/CT scans Peak flow meters

Question 35

Explain spirometry

Answer 35

Measures breathing capacity of lungs By measuring the volume of air expired in first second of breathing out. Used to diagnose/monitor COPD/Cystic fibrosis Clip placed over nose and blow into mouthpiece, where expiration is measured. Repeating this three times lasting around 30-90 mins

Question 36

Explain MRI/CT scanning

Answer 36

Provide high resolution detailed images of chest. Repeated over time to monitor condition Most effective method of detecting COPD

Question 37

Explain peak flow meters

Answer 37

Measure the rate of exhalation Measurements taken regularly to compare results (give baseline) monitor condition to indicate dilation/constriction Asthma