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LO3 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Name the 15 parts of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands
Bucal cavity
Tongue
Epiglottis
Oesophagus
Stomach
Liver
Bile duct
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

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2
Q

Function salivary glands

A

Make/release saliva into bucal cavity. To moisten food so it’s easier to swallow. Contains amylase enzyme to start chemical digestion if sugars

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3
Q

Function bucal cavity

A

Opening in the body between jaws and cheek where food enters. Chewing takes place (mechanical digestion)

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4
Q

Function tongue

A

Included to complete mechanical digestion as it moves good around

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5
Q

Function epiglottis

A

Flap of cartilage acting as a lid to prevent food/liquid entering larynx/trachea/respiratory system. The lid closes while swallowing food

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6
Q

Function oesophagus

A

Muscular tube from bucal cavity to stomach. Lined with muscles to push the food down in a rhythmic motion (peristalsis)

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7
Q

Function stomach

A

Receives chewed food from oesophagus. Tiny glands in stomach lining secrete gastric juice containing acid mucus and enzymes. To mechanically/chemically digests the food

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8
Q

Function liver

A

Main function is to process nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from liver is stored in the hall bladder before being secreted into small intestine. Bike emulsifies fat (breaks into smaller molecules) to aid chemical digestion

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9
Q

Function bile duct

A

Small tube carrying bile from gallbladder to the small intestine

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10
Q

Function gallbladder

A

Small sac shaped organ beneath liver. Bike is stored here after secretion if the liver but before it is released into small intestine. Bile is green alkaline fluid aiding digestion of fats

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11
Q

Function pancreas

A

Large gland behind stomach secreting digestive enzymes into small intestine. Secreting hormones insulin glucagon into the blood

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12
Q

Function pancreatic duct

A

Small tube between pancreas and duodenum (start of small intestine) carrying digestive enzymes from pancreas to help chemical digestion in the small intestine

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13
Q

Function small intestine

A

Start of intestine runs between stomach and large intestine. Made up of four sections
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum

Ileum is covered in villi to increase SA and rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood

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14
Q

Function large intestine

A

Wider shorter than small intestine. Divided into the Cecum colon and rectum. The absorption of water and the formation of faeces happens here

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15
Q

Function rectum

A

Faeces stored in the rectum until they are passed out of the body through the anus

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16
Q

Function anus

A

The opening of the body at the end I of the digestive tract. Where solid matter leaves the body.

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17
Q

Define digestión

A

The breakdown of food into molecules that it can be absorbed into the blood/ dissolved into the plasma

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18
Q

Define mechanical digestion

A

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food to make it smaller

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19
Q

Define chemical digestion

A

Where nutrients are broken down by enzymes to smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and used by cells

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20
Q

What is the digestive role of the pancreas

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A

Pancreas produces digestive enzymes releases into the duodenum. To assist the body to digest fats

21
Q

What is the digestive role of bile

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A

Digestive juice produced by liver.
To help the body digest fats.
Stored in the gallbladder
Enters the small intestine through bile duct
Bile emulsifies fats and neutralises fats

22
Q

Define emulsification

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A

Emulsification is the process of increasing the surface area of fats in the duodenum. By breaking down large insoluble molecules into fatty acids

23
Q

Define absorption

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A

Refers to the movement of nutrients, water, electrolytes from the lumen of the small intestine into the cell, then into the blood

24
Q

What is the process of absorption (digestion)

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A

Digested food arrives in the ileum
Inside the ileum villi increase the SA
Molecules (sugars,amino acids,glycerol) pass through the villi to the capillaries/lacteal
Nutrients transported to liver
Assimilation occurs in the liver

25
Define assimilation
The movement/distribution of digested food molecules into the cells of the body to where they are used
26
Where does assimilation occur
Small intestine through the villi Liver distributes nutrients to the cells when needed e.g glucose respiration
27
How is the villi adapted for absorption
Villi walls are one cell thick- short diffusion path quick absorption Network of blood capillaries- to transport nutrients (glucose/amino acids) into the blood. Short diffusion to increase efficiency Lacteal- transports fatty acids/glycerol away from the small intestine in the lymph
28
Define lacteal
Its function is to transport fatty acids/glycerol away from small intestine in the lymph Lymphatic system is the absorption of fatty molecules in digestive system
29
Explain IBS
Problem with digestion as the food moves either to fast/slow through digestive system due to mixed signals between system/brain. Also because problems absorbing bile. Absorb to fast- diarrhoea not enough H2O absorbed Absorb to slow- constipation to much H2O absorbed
30
Symptoms of IBS
Stomach pain diarrhoea/constipation bloating excessive wind sudden need to go to toilet bowels not fully emptied mucus passing through anus
31
Causes of IBS
No exact known cause but linked to increased sensitivity of gut to certain foods. Problems digesting food Triggered by something eaten Stress
32
Treatments for IBS
Currently no treatment for IBS, people manage their symptoms Identify triggers Low fodmap diet (to reduce pain/discomfort associated w/ IBS) Avoid stress Eat regular meals
33
Impacts on daily life IBS
Need/worry to go to toilet restrict going outside/socialising Abdominal pain cause pro longed period of absence from school/work/disrupt sleep Symptoms are embarrassing Unable to leave house
34
Explain coeliac disease
Autoimmune condition (body attacks itself). Immune system attacks gliadin (found in gluten) by mistake producing antibodies which cause the intestine to become inflamed and villi flattened, decreasing ability to absorb nutrients. Coeliac is not a allergy/intolerance it is an auto immune response
35
Symptoms of coeliac disease
Stomach pain Indigestion Diarrhoea/constipation loss of appetite Feeling tired Severe symptoms Malnutrition Stunted growth Weight loss
36
Causes of coeliac disease
Often genetical, Strongly associated with number of genetic mutations affecting HLA-DQ genes (responsible for development of immune system) Introducing gluten to early into baby's diet can increase their chances
37
Treatments of coeliac disease
Switch to gluten free diet to avoid long term health damage Vaccinations (flu) more susceptible to infections Vitamin/mineral supplements to correct any dietary deficiencies
38
Impacts of coeliac disease on daily life
Struggle to find gluten free meals in restaurants Reading food labels Having to create a gluten free area More expensive food Time off fro being ill
39
Explain gallstones
Gallstones form if there are unusually high levels of cholesterol/bilirubin (waste product) inside gallbladder. Chemical imbalances cause tiny crystals and grow into solid stones.
40
Symptoms of gallstones
Severe abdominal pain Feeling sick/vomiting Temperature Diarrhoea Loss of appetite Jaundice
41
Treatments of gallstones
Depends on scenario: Active monitoring Surgery to remove gallbladder Medication to dissolve small gallstones (however can take multiple months, can reoccur, not always effective) Lithotrispy tiny endoscope probe delivers shock waves to shatter gallstone
41
Causes of gallstones
By imbalance of chemicals in the make up of bile inside the gallbladder. Become more common if overweight/obese over 40 Poor diet Family history
42
Impacts of gallstones on daily life
After surgery people may experience diarrhoea/bloating after eating fatty foods Aggressive episodes of pain (unpredictable) Time off Painful surgery process
43
Three techniques used to monitor digestive malfunctions
Ultrasound Gastroscopy Cholangiography
44
Explain ultrasound
Used to examine organs in abdomen Hand held probe is moved over examined area to form an image. Image is formed by sound waves bouncing off body tissues Gallstones
45
Explain Gastroscopy
Uses an endoscope (camera moving through digestive system) to examine oesophagus, stomach, duodenum. To investigate cause of symptoms. Gallstones,IBS,coeliac
46
Explain Cholangiography
Procedure to investigate state of gallbladder Using dye to show up on x-ray (injected) during surgery/endoscope. The dye will reveal abnormalities with bile/pancreatic systems
47
How is each malfunction diagnosed
IBS- blood test to exclude other diseases, no known blood test to diagnose IBS Coeliac- blood test where person has to eat gluten 6-8 weeks. Biopsy Gallstones- ultrasound, gastroscopy (endoscope), cholangiography

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