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Health and Social > LO1: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

LO1: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four components of blood?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets
Plasma

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2
Q

What are Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)?

A

Made in the bone marrow, red due to having haemoglobin, transport O2 and CO2 in the body, don’t have nucleus, increases space to carry maximum amount of haemoglobin, have thin disc like shape to maximise surfce area for exposure to oxygen, small and flexible to get into narrow blood vessels

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3
Q

What are White Blood Cells (leukocytes)?

A

Part of the body’s immune system, immune cells that defend body agaisnt infection, detect abnormal material and destroy it, neutrohphils protect body against bacterial infections, monocytes are formed in the bone marrow and released into blood and tissues, when germs enter the body quickly rush to attack

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4
Q

What are Platelets?

A

Produced in the bone marrow, fragments of larger cells, disc shaped, helps to form blood clots by clumping together to slow/ stop bleeding to form scabs so wounds will heal

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5
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Largest component of blood, clear yellowish liquid, carries platelets, red and white blood cells, provides measn of transport for components of blood in the body

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6
Q

What are the Functions of Blood?

A

Temperature regulation
Transport
Exchange of materials with body tissue
Preventing infection
Blood clotting

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7
Q

What is Temperature Regulation?

A

Process of thermo-regulation maintains optimum body temperature, blood plays a role in temperture regulation, distributes heat through the body from core to surface and vice versa

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8
Q

How does blood use Transportation?

A

Blood vessels like network of roads where delieveries and watse removal takes place, oxygen, nutrients and hromones delivered around the body and in th blood carbon dioxide and other waste products are removed

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9
Q

How does blood exchange materials with body tissue?

A

Capillaries allow exchange of substances through their thin walls
Blood travels at high pressure through the arteries towards the capillaries, pressure filtration occurs resulting in plasma passing through the capillary wall into the tissue fluid which surrounds the cell
Tissues fluids provides the cells with useful substances eg. glucose, oxygen and watse products passed out the cells into the tissue fluid to be removed
Most tissue fluid is returned to the blood, any excess fluid absorbed by lymphatic vessels which returns it to the circulatory system as lymph
Plasma is consists of plasma proteins which are too big to be flitered through the capillary walls

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10
Q

How does the blood prevent infection?

A

White blood cells are immune system cells
Wait to attack invaders such as bacteria and viruses
When fighting an infection your body produces more white blood cells

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11
Q

How does blood form blood clotting?

A

Important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vesselis injured
Platelets and the proteins in your plasma work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over it

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12
Q

What is the Superior Vena Cava?

A

Large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart

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13
Q

What is the Inferior Vena Cava?

A

Lareg vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart

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14
Q

What is the right atrium?

A

Where deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through both vena cava

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15
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A

Separates the right atrium and the right ventricle, prevents backflow of blood

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16
Q

What is the right ventricle?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs through the pulmonary artery

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17
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

Separates the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle

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18
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to become oxygenated

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19
Q

What is the pulmonary veins?

A

Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

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20
Q

What is the left atrium?

A

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein

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21
Q

What is the mitral/ bicuspid valave?

A

Separates the left atrium and the left atrium and prevents backflow of blood

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22
Q

What is the left ventricle?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood blood to the body through the aorta

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23
Q

What is the aortic valve?

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A

Separates the left ventricle and the aorta

24
Q

What is the aorta?

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A

A large artery that carries oxygenates blood from the heart to the body

25
What is the Myocardium?
Muscular wall of the heart that contracts to pump blood
26
What is the Sinoatrial (SA) node?
SA node situated in the upper wall of the right atrium of heart Known as the pacemaker and responsible for setting the rhythm of the heart Ensures both atria contract simultaneously
27
What is the Atrioventricular (AV) node?
Situated at the bottom of the right atrium of the heart Responsible for delaying the electrical impulses it recieves from the SA node Delay allows time for blood to empty out of the atria into the ventricles
28
What is the Purkinje Fibres?
Found in the inner ventricular nodes Very fine specialised cardiac muscle fibres that rapidly transmit impulses from the AV node to the ventricles
29
What is an ECG?
Ten small sticky patches known as electrodes placed on the arms legs and chest, connected by wires to and ECG machine which picks up the electrical signals that make your heart beat, the electrical activity is recorded and printed onto a piece of paper know as an ECG trace
30
What is an ECG trace?
Shows the spread of the electrical signal generated by the SA node as it travels through the atria, the AV node and the ventricles
31
What are the components of the ECG trace?
P wave Q wave R wave S wave T wave
32
What is the P wave?
Represents atrial depolarisation
33
What is the Q wave?
Represents depolarisation in the septum
34
What is the R wave?
Represents the electrical stimulus as is passes through the main portion of the ventricular walls
35
What is the S wave?
Represents depolarisation in the purkinje fibres
36
What is the T wave?
Represents ventricular repoloarisation
37
What is the structure of the arteries?
Tough on the outside smooth on the inside Has three layers: outer layer of tissue, muscuar middle and inner layer of epitheal cells Thick and elastic walls which are very strong Blood flows at high pressure When heart beats the artery expands when it fills with blood When heart relaxes artery contracts which exerts force which is strong enough to push blood away
38
What is the structure of the capillaries?
Where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs Capillaries deliver waste rich blood to the veins to transport back to the lungs and heart Walls are one cell thick
39
What is the structure of veins?
Transport blood at lower pressure, not as strong as arteries have three layers but contain less tissue Have thin walls, large lumen and contain valves
40
What are tissue fluids?
Facilitates susbstance exchange between cells and the blood by helping bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products from them as well
41
What is lymph?
Watery fluids that moves through your lymphatic system
42
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lymph Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Lymph organs Bone marrow
43
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Drainage and filtrations systems Removes excess fluid from body tissue Absorbs fatty acids and transports fat into the bloodstream to be absorbed in the small intestine Produces white blood cells which produce antibodies
44
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure from heart conractions that forces water and dissolved substances in the blood plasma out through capillary walls into surrounding tissues, forming tissue fluid
45
What are the three blood proteins?
Albumin: main blood protein, carrier blood protein for steroids, fatty acids and thyroid hormones Globulin: main function to support the immune system Fibrinogen: supports blood coagulation
46
What is the biological explanation for hypertension?
High blood pressure occurs when the force of your blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high
47
What are the sypmtoms of hypertension?
Rarely has noticeable symptoms but can cause: headaches: increased pressure on brain and blood vessels blurred vision: damanges delicate blood vessels in the retina causing changes in vision chest pain: damages arteries supplying blood to heart leading to reduced blood flow nd oxygen delievery
48
What are the possible causes of hypertension?
Age, getting older Family history Lack of exercise
49
How to monitor hyperstension?
Blood pressure will need to be monitored and regulare reading taken
50
What ar the treatments for hypertension?
Take one or more medications to keep blood pressure under control, usually taken once a day such as ACE inhibitors which lowers blood pressure and Beta blockers which slows the heartrate
51
What is the biological explanation of cornonary heart disease?
Walls of arteries become blocked with fatty deposits blocking oxygented blood to be delivered around the heart
52
What are the symptoms of coronary heart disease?
Angina (chest pain): heart msucle doesn't recieve enough oxygen rich blood due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries Shortness of breath: restricts blood flow to the heart leading to failure and fluid buildup in the lungs Feeling sick: reduced blod flow to the stomach and fluid build up in the body
53
What are the possible causes of coronary heart disease?
Smoking High blood pressure Lack of regular exercise
54
What are ways to monitor coronary heart disease?
Blood tests: check levels of certain fats, cholesterol, sugar and proteins in the blood ECG: measures electrical activity in the heart, can show any damage to the heart muscles or signs of coronary heart disease
55
What are treatments for coronary heart disease?
Nitrates: relax the coronary arteries and allow more blood to reach the heart Statins: cholesterol lowering medicines Blood thinners: such as aspirin makes blood less likely to clot reduces risk of heart attack

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