LO5: Kindney And Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 1

What are the kidneys?

Answer 1

Two organs that clean the blood and create urine by removing water soluble metabolic wastes from the blood and concentrating them in urine

Question 2

What is the renal artery?

Answer 2

Supplies kidney with blood, carries blood from heart to kidneys, branch directly from the aorta, take very large volume of blood to the kidneys to be filtered

Question 3

What is the renal vein?

Answer 3

Carries blood that has been filtered by the kidneys

Question 4

What is the ureter?

Answer 4

Tube that carries urine from kidneys to the bladder

Question 5

What is the urethra?

Answer 5

Tube out of the bladder, urine passes out the body through this

Question 6

What is the urinary bladder?

Answer 6

Bag below the kidneys where urine is stored

Question 7

What is the renal cortex?

Answer 7

Outer layer of the kidney where ultrafiltration occurs

Question 8

What is the renal medulla?

Answer 8

Inner region which contains thousands of nephrons

Question 9

What is the calyx?

Answer 9

Chambers through which urine passes, fibrous white region collects urine and passes it on to the ureters

Question 10

What is a nephron?

Answer 10

Helps to control water, salt, PH and blood pressure levels

Question 11

What is the Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 11

Collects blood, filters it and sends it to the renal tubule for further processing in order to form urine

Question 12

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 12

A specialised ball of capillaries that filters the blood

Question 13

What is the proximal convuluted tubule?

Answer 13

Reabsorbs most of the sodium filtered in the glomerulus

Question 14

What is the Distal Tubule?

Answer 14

Responsible for reabsorbing water as required to produce urine

Question 15

What is the loop of henle?

Answer 15

Long U shaped portion of the tubule which conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney

Question 16

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Answer 16

Removal of urea
Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption
Regulation of water levels
Osmoregulation

Question 17

Removal of the urea

Answer 17

1: Blood enters the kidneys: blood carrying waste flows into the kidney
2: Filtering waste: tiny filters in kidneys remove urea, water and other waste from the blood
3: Keeping what’s needed: useful substances like water and nutrients go back into the blood
4: Forming urine: the waste left behind turns into urine
5: Removing urine: urine travels to the bladder and it’s later passed out of the body

Question 18

Ultrafiltration

Answer 18

1) Blood enter the kidneys: blood with waste and nutrients flows into
2) Filtering begins: tiny filters in the nephron remove small molecules like water, urea and salts
3) Keeping important stuff: big molecules like proteins and blood cells stay in the blood
4) Filtrate moves on: filtered liquid enters tubes where useful substances can be reabsorbed
5) Waste becomes urine: leftover waste and extra water turns into urine and leaves the body

Question 19

Resorption

Answer 19

1) Filtrate enters the tubule: after filtration the liquid moves through the kidneys remove tubules
2) Useful substances re absorbed: important substances such as water and glucose taken back into blood
3) Waste left behind: urea and excess salts stay in tubules to be removed as urine
4) Water balance is adjusted: kidneys control how much water is reabsorbed based on body’s needs
5) Urine formation: remaining waste and extra water from urine which is later excreted

Question 20

Regulation of water levels

Answer 20

1) Blood enters the kidney: kidneys receive blood with varying amounts of water
2) Filtering water: kidneys filter water, waste and other substances from the blood
3) Checking water levels: body has too much water kidneys remove extra water in the urine if body needs more water, kidneys reabsorb more into the blood
4) Removing urine: urine travels to bladder and leaves the body
5) Urine formation: remaining water and water form urine

Question 21

Osmoregulation

Answer 21

1) Detecting water levels: brain checks if body has too much or too little water
2) Relaxing hormone: if water is low brain releases ADH to tell kidneys to save water
3) Adjusting water reabsorption: kidneys absorb more water when needed and release extra water if too much water
4) Balancing urine concentration: less water makes urine darker and more concentrated more water makes urine lighter and diluted
5) Maintaining balance: keeps body’s water levels right

Question 22

What is the biological explanation of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 22

Usually happens when the glomeruli are inflamed, allowing too much protein to leak from your blood into your urine

Question 23

What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 23

Swelling: low level of protein in the blood reduces the flow of water from body tissues back into the blood vessels leading to swelling of eyes and around lower legs
Infections: antibodies are specialised group of proteins in blood that helps fight infection
Urine changes: high levels of urine being passed into urine can cause it to become frothy and may pass less urine

Question 24

What are the possible causes nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 24

Glomerusclerosis: when inside of kidney becomes scarred
Infections such as HIV or hepatitis
Lupus

Question 25

How to monitor nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 25

Blood tests Urine tests Regular check ups

Question 26

What are treatments for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 26

Diuretics: to reduce water retention Dietary advice: restricting salt intake and excessive fluid ACE inhibitors: to reduce pressure in the glomeruli so reduce protein

Question 27

What are care needs for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 27

Low salts diet Reduce amount of liquid in diet Protein balance