LO2: Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the larynx?

Answer 1

Connects back of the nose and trachea, forms an air passage to the lungs

Question 2

What is the trachea?

Answer 2

Also known as the windpipe, starts at the back of the throat and divides into two bronchi. A tube that has rings of cartilage to stop them collapsing.

Question 3

What is the bronchi?

Answer 3

There are two bronchi which lead into the lungs and divide to form smaller bronchioles. Tube that has rings of cartilage to prevent it from collapsing to keep air passage open.

Question 4

What are the bronchioles?

Answer 4

The smallest airways which lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli

Question 5

What are the alveoli?

Answer 5

Sacs found in clusters where the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place. Surrounded by a network of capillaries for gas exchange to happen

Question 6

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 6

Located below the lungs, dome shaped muscle that contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarged during inhalation, the diaphragm relaxes when you exhale

Question 7

What is the intercostal muscles?

Answer 7

Muscles found between the ribs

Question 8

What is the pleural membrane?

Answer 8

Cover the outside of the lungs and line the inside of the chest wall

Question 9

The role of the pleural membrane during inspiration and expiration

Answer 9

Consist of two layers of thin membrane, they are moist and slippery, have a thin film between them. Lubricates the surface so the two pleural layers will slide over each other means they move with the chest wall when breathing occurs

Question 10

The role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inspiration

Answer 10

The intercostal muscles pull rib cage upwards and outwards and the diaphragm flattens inwards. Results in an increase in volume and a decrease in pressure, forces air into lungs so they inflate

Question 11

The role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during expiration

Answer 11

The diaphragm lifts back into a dome shape and the intercostal muscles pull rib cage inwards and downwards, force carbon dioxide out of the lungs and they deflate

Question 12

What is Gaseous Exchange?

Answer 12

Process that involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between capillaries and alveoli.

Question 13

What is the role and structure of the alveoli walls?

Answer 13

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the alveoli, the walls of the alveoli are very thin (one cell thick) and each alveoli is surrounded by capilliaries where gas is exchanged.
Structure of alveoli are like clusters/bunch of grapes which increases the surface area to allow maximum crossover or diffusion of the two gases back and forth to make the process efficient
Diffusion allows oxygen to move out of the alveoli to capillaries and into the bloodstream and the carbon dioxide to move out of the capillaries into the alveoli and to the lungs to be exhaled.

Question 14

What is Diffusion?

Answer 14

Movement of molecules from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Also the case with gases and for particles dissolved in solutions.

Question 15

What are the Diffusion gradients fo gaseious exchange?

Answer 15

Capillaries have lower concentration of oxygen then the alveoli, results in the diffusion of oxygen from an area of higher concentration (alveoli) to an area of lower concentration in the red blood cells (capillaries)

Question 16

What is Adenosphine triphosphate?

Answer 16

High energy molecule found in every cell, job is to store and supply the cell with energy it needs, sometimes called energy currency of the body.

Question 17

What role does the mitochondria play in cellular respiration?

Answer 17

Cellular respiration is complex set of chemical reactions and processes that take plce in the mitochondria to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP and then release waste products

Question 18

What are the two types of respiration?

Answer 18

Aerobic (uses oxygen)
Anaerobic (does not need oxygen)

Question 19

What is Aerobic respiration?

Answer 19

Oxygen and glucose are required for aerobic respiration, produces waste carbon dioxide and water as well as providing energy
Suar called glucose from our food is broken down into water and carbon dioxide and the energy that was holding the glucose molecule together is released.

Question 20

What is the equation for Aerobic respiration?

Answer 20

Glucose + oxygen - Carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 21

What is Glycosis?

Answer 21

Takes place in cytoplasm, breakdown of glucose into pyruvate/ pyruvic acid, produces two molecules of ATP, pyruvate can be used in aerobic and anaerobic respiration
If oxygen is available pyruvate passes into mitochondria, goes through complex series of reactions, leads to alot more energy being provided and more ATP being generated

Question 22

What is Anaerobic respiration?

Answer 22

Takes place if oxygen is not available but provides less energy, usually occurs in lower plants and microorganisms, glucose derived from food is broken down into alcohol and carbon dioxide along with production of energy

Question 23

What is the equation for Anaerobic respiration?

Answer 23

Glucose - (2ATP) - pyruvate - lactate

Question 24

What are the Respiratory malfunctions?

Answer 24

Asthma
Emphysema
Cystic Fibrosis

Question 25

What are the symptoms of Asthma?

Answer 25

Recurring episodes of breathlessness, tightness of chest and wheezing Asthma attacks- epidsodes of wheezing which require the use of and inhaler to open the airway

Question 26

What are the causes/ triggers of asthma?

Answer 26

Caused by inflammation of the breathing tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs, Can also be triggered by: Allergies Smoke, pollution and cold air Exercise Infections like colds or flu

Question 27

What is the biological explanation for asthma?

Answer 27

Inflammation of the bronchi, causing bronchi to be more sensitive than normal Contact with allergens or something that irritates the lungs, makes airways become narrow, muscles around them tighten, is an increase in production of sticky mucus (phlegm)

Question 28

What lifestyle effects does asthma have?

Answer 28

Using inhaler or inhaler tablets everyday depending on severity Checking befor taking other types of medication Not smoking Exercising regularly Eating healthily

Question 29

What are the symptoms of Emphysema?

Answer 29

Shortness of breath, wheezing Yellow sputum Persistent cough never seems to go away Frquent chest infections Symptoms get worse over time

Question 30

What is the biological explanation of Emphysema?

Answer 30

Airway of the lungs becom inflamed and narrowed, as alveolis get permanently damaged becomes increasingly difficult to breathe out

Question 31

What are the causes of Emphysema?

Answer 31

Smoking Certain types of fumes, dust and chemical exposure Genetic tendency but is very rare

Question 32

How does Emphysema affect lifestyle?

Answer 32

Reduced physical activity Impaired sleep Increased anxiety and depression

Question 33

What are the symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 33

Recurring chest infections, persistent inflammation of the airways, coughing, wheezing shortness of breath Diarrhoea, diabetes, malnutrition, jaundice Serious bowel obstruction first few days of life

Question 34

What is the biological explanation for Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 34

Defect in a gene on chromosome 7 which controls movement of salt and water in and out of the cells in the body, protein that is produced by gene causs mucus secreting cells to make very sticky type of mucus.

Question 35

What is the cause of Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 35

Both parents must have a copy of faulty gene.

Question 36

What are the lifestyle impacts of Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 36

Ongoing lung infections Harder to breathe overtime May need to take inhaled antibiotics Physical, emotional and financial stress