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Health and Social > LO3: The Digestive System > Flashcards

LO3: The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are th Salivary Glands?

A

Saliav moistens food to make it easier to swallow, contains enzyme amylase, starts chemical digstion of sugars.

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2
Q

What is the Bucal Cavity?

A

Use our jaws and teeth are usd to make food smaller, makes it easier to digest when the food enters the digestive system, makes food into a bolus.

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3
Q

What does the tongue do?

A

Moves the food around the mouth

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4
Q

What is the epiglotis?

A

Flexible lid for windpipe, closes only while swallowing and remains upright at other times, prevents food particles and liquids from entering the larynx or the trachea.

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5
Q

What is the Oesophagus?

A

A muscular tube which connects the throat with the stomach, food moves down the oesophagus to stomach with the help of peristalsis which are squeezing contractions from the muscles which helps the food move down to the stomach.

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6
Q

What is the Stomach?

A

Recieves chewed food, tiny glands in stomach secrete gastric juices which contain hydrochloric acid, mucus and enzymes
Mechanical and chemical digestion break down chemicals into smaller, simpler molecules results in soup like substance called chyme

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7
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

To process nutrients absorbed from the small intestine
Bile is made in the liver

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8
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

Made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, before being screted in the small inestine
Emulsifies fats
Helps chemical digestion in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Bitter greenish brown alkaline fluid

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9
Q

What is the role of the bile duct?

A

Small tube which carries bile from gall bladder to the duodenum

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10
Q

What is the role of the gall bladder?

A

Small sac shaped organ beneath the liver where bile is stored after secretion by liver

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11
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Large gland behind stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum

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12
Q

What is the role of the pancreatic duct?

A

Small tube between pancreas and duodenum
Carried digestive enzymes from the pancreas
Helps chemical digestion in the small intestine

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13
Q

What is th role of the small intestine?

A

Made up of three sections:
1: Duodenum
2: Jejunum
3: Ileum
Covered in finger like projections called villi which increase surface area of the small intestine to increase rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood

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14
Q

What is the role of the large intestine?

A

Wider and smaller than the small intestine
Responsible for the reabsorption of water and the formation of faeces

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15
Q

What is the role of the rectum?

A

Faeces are stord in the rectum until passed out of the body through the anus

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16
Q

What is the role of the anus?

A

Opening at the end of the digestive tract where faeces leave the body

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17
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid?

A

Acid breaks down protein, absorbing nutrients but also killing off bacteria

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18
Q

What is the role of enzymes?

A

Breakdowns fats, proteins and carbohydrates
Enzymes are in saliva, pancreas, intestines and stomach
Biological catalyst which speeds up chemical reactions

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19
Q

What is the role of proteins?

A

Broken down into individual amino acids which are absorbed and used to build other proteins
Used for growth and repair

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20
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates?

A

Body’s main energy store
Sugar molecules which our body breaks down carbodydrates into glucose

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21
Q

What is the role of fats?

A

Some used right way for energy, some is stored for later when extra energy is needed your body will break down stored fat
Used for warmth or energy

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22
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Physically breaking down food substances into small particles to more effectively undergo chemical digestion

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23
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

using enzymes to break down nutrients such as carbs, proteins and fats into smaller molecules

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24
Q

What are molecules?

A

Complex molecules of carbs, proteins and fats are transformed by chemical digestion into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilised by cells

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25
What is the meaning of absorb?
To take something in
26
What is the role of amylase?
Breaks down carbs
27
What is the role of protease?
Breaks down proteins
28
What is the role of lipase?
Breaks down fats and lipids
29
What is the role of pepsin?
Made in stomach, breaks down proteins
30
What does it meant to emulsify?
Increases surface area of fat which the lipase can act on
31
Where does mechanical digestion take place?
Buccal cavity and stomach
32
How does mechanical digestion happen in the buccal cavity?
Grinding of food from the teeth into smaller pieces, the jaw and the tongue work to move food around the mouth
33
How does mechanical digestion happen in the stomach?
Stomach churns the food with muscular contractions to get to stomach the bolus is squeezed down the oesophagus known as peristalsis
34
How does chemical digestion happen in the buccal cavity?
Salivary glands produce saliva which moistens food and releases enzymes amylaze to break down carbs
35
How does chemical digestion happen in the stomach?
Food enters the stomach, dugestive juices are released, enzymes begin to break down food, hydrochloric acid in stomach which creates an acidic environment which generates pepsin which breaks down proteins
36
How does chemical digestion happen in the small intestine?
Duodenum: food mixed with digestive enzymes and biles, chyme is acidic as it's been in the stomach, small intestine needs alkaline conditions, bile neutralises acid so enzymes work
37
What is the role of pepsin in chemical digestion?
Breaks down large protein molecules into smaller polypeptides in the stomach
38
What is the role of amylase in chemical digestion?
Breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth adn the duodenum
39
What is th role of protease in chemical digestion?
Break down of protiens into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids in the duodenum
40
What is the role of lipase in chemical digestion?
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the duodenum
41
What are villi?
Tiny finger like projections that increase the surface area in the small intestine
42
What are the 3 key features of the villi?
Wall just one cell thick: ensures there is only a short distance for absorption to happen by diffusion and active transport Network of blood capillaries: transports glucose and amino acids away from the small intestine in the blood Internal structure called lacteal: transports fatty acids and glycerol away from the small intestine in the lymph
43
What is absorption?
Movement of nutrients, water and electrolytes from the lumen of the small intestine into the cell then into the blood
44
What is assimilation?
Movement of dugested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used
45
What is Coeliac disease?
Autoimmune condition, when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues (the villi) when eating gluten, stops you from taking in nutrients Causes damage to the villi, causes the surface of the small intestine to become inflamed and the villi are flattened meaning the body's ability to absorb nutrients is disrupted
46
What are the symptoms of Coeliac disease?
Abdominal pain Fatigue Diarrhoea/ constipation Weight loss
47
What are the causes of Coeliac disease?
Abnormal immune system reaction to eating the protein gluten, stressful events or viruses can trigger the immune system to attack gluten
48
How is Coeliac diagnosed?
Involves having blood tests May also require biopsys of the small intestine to confirm the diagnosis While being tested for Coeliac need to eat foods containing gluten to ensure accuracy of tests
49
What are the treatments for Coeliac disease?
No cure for coeliac, but following a gluten free diet controls the symptoms and prevent long term complications
50
How does Coealiac disease impact daily life?
Have to stick to a gluten free diet May have troubles with diarrhoea or constipation which could impact ability to work or socialise
51
What is IBS?
Wher food moves through the digestion system too quickly or too slowly Too quickly results in diarrhoea becasue not enough water is absorbed by the intestines Too slowly results in constipation becasue too much water is absorbed by the intestines
52
What are the symptoms of IBS?
Stomach pain and cramping Diarrhoea/ constipation Bloating and swelling of stomach Sudden need to go to the toilet
53
What are the causes of IBS?
Exact cause is unknown Senstitivity of gut to certain foods Problems digesting food Triggered by something that has been eaten or drank
54
What are the treatments of IBS?
No cure FODMAP diet Food diary to track the symptoms compared to what they have eaten to distinguish patterns and what food to avoid
55
How does IBS impact daily life?
Have to stop what they are doing to go to the toilet Can affect affection with partner Difficulty eating Debilitating and isolating
56
What are Gallstones?
Can form if: there are unusually high levels of cholesterol inside the gallbladder there are unusually high levels of waste product called bilirubin in the gallbladder Chemical imbalances can cause tiny crystals to develop in the bile, can gradually grow into solid stones that can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pebble,
57
What are the symptoms of Gallstones?
Abdomina pain which can be sudden and severe Excessive sweating, feeling sick or vomitting Itchy skin Loss of appetite
58
What are the causes of Gallstones?
By an imbalance in the chemical make-up of bile inside the gallbladder More common if an individual is overweight or obese, aged over 40, has liver cirrhosis, has close family member with gallstones
59
How to diagnose Gallstones?
Ultrsound: high frequency sound waves to create image of inside the body, if not visibke suggests bile duct may be affected, may need MRI MRI: uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images inside the body Physical exam by GP: check if gallbladder is inflamed, if found painful usually means gallbldder is inflamed and need urgent treatment
60
How to treat Gallstones?
Removal of gallbladder Medication Lithotripsy
61
What is removal of the gallbladder?
Keyhole surgery, several small cuts mad in the abdomen and small surgical equipment used to remove the gallbladder, faster rcovery and scars are much smaller
62
Advantages of removing the gallbladder?
Removed if you have small gallstones that cause pain, blockages or inflammation Stops pain and prevents complications from gallstones Treat any infection caused by gallstones Stops gallstones coming back
63
Disadvantages of removing the gallbladder?
Risk of infection Could cause bleeding Bile leakage Injury to bile duct Injury to intestine, bowels and blood vessels
64
Side effects of removing the gallbladder?
Fatty food intolerance Nausea/ vomitting Abdominal pain Heartburn
65
What is Lithotripsy?
Nonsurgical alternative, can recieve if gallbladder is working normally, uses high energy sound waves to produce shock waves, strong nough to fracture and disintegrate gallstones, tiny endoscope probe used to deliver shock waves
66
Advantages of Lithotripsy?
Only on day, non-invasive procedure Quicker recovery time than removal Nealry 80% of gallstones treated
67
Disadvantages of Lithotripsy?
Results on larger gallstones aren't as effective as smaller Multiple seesion may be required Passing of stones may cause pain
68
How does medication treat gallstones?
Need to be taken for at least 2 years, some medications contain bile acids that can break up gallstones, works best to break up small cholesterol stones
69
Advantags of medication for gallstones?
Easy to carry out Non-invasive Doesn't involve recovery time
70
Disadvantages of medication for treating gallstones?
Only dissolves small gallstones Gallstones can reoccur once treatment has stopped Not prescribed very often becasue they aren't always that effective

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