LO4: Muscoloskeletal system

Question 1

What can the skeletion do?

Answer 1

Grow in size
Repair it’s own broken parts
Lubricate it’s own joints
Support internal organs

Question 2

What are the five main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 2

Protection
Support
Movement
Blood cell production
To store minerals eg. calcium

Question 3

What is a vertical bone?

Answer 3

Up and down bone, lengthways

Question 4

What is a transverse bone?

Answer 4

Across/ through the bone

Question 5

What is cartilage?

Answer 5

Strong flexible connective tissue, protects joints and bones, acts as shock absorber throughout the body, at the end of bones which reduces friction and prevent bones from rubbing together when using your joints

Question 6

What is spongy bone?

Answer 6

Provides balance to the dense and heavy compact bone by making bones lighter so that muscle can move more easily

Question 7

What is compact bone?

Answer 7

Forms the hard dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body, function primarily to provide strength and protection to bones

Question 8

What is the bone marrow?

Answer 8

Spongy susbstance found in the centre of bones, healthy bone marrow is an essentil part of the body, contains stem cells that produce blood cells and cells that make up the immune system

Question 9

What is the osteon?

Answer 9

Overall term for the system that is made up of haversian canals, osteocytes, canalliculi, lacunae and lamellae

Question 10

What is the haversian canal?

Answer 10

Central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 11

What is an osteocyte?

Answer 11

Bone cells

Question 12

What are canalliculi?

Answer 12

Tiny chanels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes

Question 13

What is lacunae?

Answer 13

Spaces within the hard bones that contain the living osteocytes

Question 14

What are lamellae?

Answer 14

Layers of hard bone

Question 15

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 15

Only allows rotation eg. neck

Question 16

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 16

Most moveable joint in the body eg. hip

Question 17

What is a sliding joint?

Answer 17

Little movements in all directions eg. hands

Question 18

What is the hinge joint?

Answer 18

Can only move in two directions eg. elbow

Question 19

What are the components of a synovial joint?

Answer 19

Muscle
Bone
Ligament
Tendon
Synovial capsule
Synovial fluid

Question 20

Synovial joint: Muscle

Answer 20

Necessary for movement, contracts and relaxed to move the joint

Question 21

Synovial joint: Bone

Answer 21

Provides the framework and support for the attachments of muscle and other tissues

Question 22

Synovial joint: Ligament

Answer 22

Attaches one bone to another bone

Question 23

Synovial joint: Tendon

Answer 23

Attaches muscle to bone

Question 24

Synovial joint: Cartilage

Answer 24

Reduces friction and absorbs shock in the joint, allowing the joint to move smoothly

Question 25

Synovial capsule

Answer 25

Secretes synovial fluid and maintains joint stability

Question 26

Synovial fluid

Answer 26

Lubricates and nourishes the joint

Question 27

How do muscles work in pairs to create movement?

Answer 27

Work in pairs that bring about opposite actions Antagonistic pairs of muscles creates movement, when one contracts and the other (antagonistic) relaxes When muscles contracts to move a joint it is the tendon that pulls on the bone

Question 28

What is the biological explanation of osteoporosis?

Answer 28

Loss of protein matrix from bone resulting in loss of bone density, weakness and bones become brittle Hormone oestrogen which promotes bone formation declines after menopause

Question 29

Possible causes of osteoporosis

Answer 29

Ageing process ( women over 50) Other conditions eg, coeliac Family history

Question 30

What are symptoms of osteoporosis?

Answer 30

Typically no symptoms until bone is broken Severe back pain Loss of height Spine malfunctions

Question 31

What are the treatments of osteoporosis?

Answer 31

Calcium and vitamin D supplements Taking HRT Having physiotherapy

Question 32

Osteoporosis impacts on daily life

Answer 32

Medication has side effects, can impact social life and work Time off work to attend regular check ups and monitoring appointments Scared to go out until they fall and break a bone, less unlikely to exercise, could impact mental health

Question 33

What is the biological explanation of osteoarthritis?

Answer 33

General wear and tear of joints where the cartilage can be lost, bony growths develop and area can be inflamed Cartilage becomes stiff and loses elasticity may wear away over time, bones rub against each other

Question 34

What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?

Answer 34

Painful and stiff joints Weakness and loss of muscle bulk Knobbly/ swollen joints

Question 35

Possible causes of osteoarthritis

Answer 35

Increases as person gets older Being overweight/ obese can put excess strain on joints Can develop in joint damaged by injury or operation

Question 36

Treatments of osteoarthritis

Answer 36

Steroids and NSAIDS to reduce swelling and inflammation of joints Corticosteroid injections to reduce swelling Arthroscopy to clean debris in joint

Question 37

Osteoarthritis impacts in daily life

Answer 37

Coping with pain- lack of sleep, tiredness and lack of concentration and emotional and social effects Recovery from surgery Can make everyday tasks such as preparing meals impossible

Question 38

What is the biological explanation of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 38

Immune system attacks the cells that line the joints, synovial membrane that lines and lubricates the joints becomes inflamed and sore, gradually destroys cartilage, scar tissue replaces the cartilage the joint becomes misshapen and rigid

Question 39

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 39

Throbbing pain and aching Joints swell and hot to touch Firm swellings can develop under the skin around affected joints

Question 40

Possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 40

Not yet known Could be virus or infection triggers condition causes autoimmune response where body attacks its own tissues May be increased due to smoking and hormones Could be inherited

Question 41

Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 41

Steroids and NSAIDS to reduce swelling and inflammation of joints Physiotherapy and exercise Arthroscopy to clean debris from joints

Question 42

Rheumatoid arthritis impacts on daily life

Answer 42

Medication has side effects Coping with pain Reconvert from surgery