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Histology Exam III Material > Lower GI I > Flashcards

Lower GI I Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Layers of the intestinal wall (from inside to outside)

A
  • Mucosa with lamina propria and muscularis mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis layers
  • Serosa
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2
Q

Histologic Characteristics of Duodenum

A
  • Villi with wide spatulate or “leaflike” distal shape
  • Deep crypts of Lieberkuhn
  • Brunner’s glands with excretory ducts in submucosa
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3
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn are _______ ______ glands within the _________

A

simple tubular glands, intestinal mucosa

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4
Q

Crypts of lieberkuhn open between adjacent ______ and extend to ________ _______

A

villi, muscularis mucosa

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5
Q

Cell of the crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

Goblet cells
Enterocytes
Paneth cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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6
Q

Enterocytes are _______ epithelial cells

A

columnar

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7
Q

Characteristics of Enterocytes

A
  • Basal nucleus, perinuclear Golgi, apical brush border
  • Produce disaccharidases
  • Involved in absorption of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
  • Enzymes present on apical brush border are important in carbohydrate digestion
  • Produce enteropeptidase (enterokinase) which is necessary for the activation of pancreatic zymogens and proenzymes
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8
Q

Enterocytes produce

A

Disaccharidases and enteropeptidase (enterokinase)

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9
Q

______ is produced by enterocytes and necessary for the activation of pancreatic zymogens and proenzymes

A

Enteropeptidase (enterokinase)

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10
Q

Characteristics of Paneth cells

A
  • Basal crypt cells
  • Prominent eosinophilic granules
  • Produce lysozyme to control intestinal flora
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11
Q

basal crypt cells with prominent eosinophilic granules

A

Paneth cells

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12
Q

Characteristics of Enteroendocrine cells

A
  • Stain with chromium (chromaffin)
  • Agyrophilic (respond to silver stains)
  • Produce peptide hormones and serotonin
  • May produce pancrine or autocrine secretions
  • Analogous to unicellular goblet cells
  • formed from endodermal stem cells in all regions of the GI tract
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13
Q

Enteroendocrin cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn produce

A

peptide hormones and serotonin

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14
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells mode of secretion

A

paracrine or autocrine secretions

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15
Q

Brunner glands are found in

A

submucosa of duodenum

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16
Q

Brunner’s glands are responsible for

A
  • Formation of bicarbonate and mucus
    • Supplements bicarbonate from the pancreas
      - Necessary to neutralize gastric acid
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17
Q

Histological Characteristics of Jejunum

A
  • Villi longer and more narrow than in Duodenum
  • Crypts of Lieberkuhn present
  • No glands in submucosa
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18
Q

Histologic characteristics of Ileum

A
  • Villi are longer and narrower than in jejunum
  • Crypts of Lieberkuhn present
  • No glands in submucosa
  • Peyer’s patches
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19
Q

Epithelium of large intestine

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A
  • Simple columnar epithelium

- Crypts but no villi

20
Q

Functions of large intestine

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A
  • Secretion of mucus for lubrication
  • Goblet cell is the prominent cell of the large intestine
  • Absorption of fluid
  • Formation of fecal mass
  • Continuation of digestion initiated in small intestine
21
Q

Location of M cells (antigen-presenting cells)

22
Q

The epithelial cells of the GI tract are held together by _______ containing the transmembrane proteins ____ and _____, which function to prevent paracellular transport

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A

occluding junctions, claudins and occludins

23
Q

Characteristics of Paneth Cells

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A
  • Basophilic basal cytoplasm
  • Supranuclear Golgi complex
  • Large, intensely acidophilic apical secretory granules
24
Q

Paneth cells secrete (what are the functions of each secretion)

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A

Lysozyme- increase permeability of bacteria by degrading peptidoglycan goat

  • Defensins to increase membrane permeability of target organism
  • Tumor necrosis factor- alpha (proinflammatory cytokine)
    • may phagocytize some microorganims and help regulate intestinal flora
25
What are the three regions of the small intestine
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
26
______ layer coats intestinal epithelial luminal surface
mucosal
27
The mucosal layer of intestines is secreted by
goblet cells
28
The mucosal layer of intestines is made up of how many layer and what are they
It is made up of 2 layers - Outer layer contains microorganisms - Inner layer contains: - Antimicrobial proteins (from Paneth Cells, Enterocytes, and Goblet cells ) that resist microbial penetration
29
Toll-like receptors are found on the surface of
enterocytes
30
What are toll-like receptors
They are found on the surface of enterocytes fxn: - Type of pattern recognition receptor - Recognize structurally conserved molecules broadly shared by pathogens but distinguish from host molecules (pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs))
31
Explain the immune surveillance system with toll-like receptors
- Antigen binds to toll-like receptor on enterocyte surface - ---> B cell-activating factor is produced - ------> B cells in lamina propria mature into plasma cells (antibodies)
32
Explain the immune surveillance system with M cells
- Antigen is taken up by M (microfold) cells associated with Peyer patch in the intestinal mucosa - -----> Antigens are transported to lymphocytes located in pockets in folds of M cells - ----------> Antigens are bound to Ig receptors on surface of lymphocytes - ---------------> Lymphocytes transfer Ig-bound antigen to dendritic cells in lamina propria - ------------------> Dendritic cells interact with T cells in lamina propria to activate immune response
33
The bulk of the body's immune defenses is centered in the
GALT (gut associated lymphatic tissue)
34
Components of GALT
- Transitory aggregations of lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils - Permanent structures: - Appendix - Peyer's patches - Mesenteric lymph nodes
35
The antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and macrophages of Peyer's patches phagocytize the antigen and present it to ____ and ______ cells as well as _______
helper and cytoxic T cells as well as B lymphocytes
36
what is the function of M cells
Associated with Peyer's patches | - sample particular antigen and present it to antigen-presenting cells in the underlying lamina propria
37
What are Peyer's Patches
- A permanent GALT found in the ileum - Dome-shaped lymphoid structures - Contain B- and T-cell dependent area - Possess high endothelial venules (HEVs), which facilitate entrance of lymphocytes into lymphoid organs form the bloodstream
38
The primary immunoglobulin produced by GALT is ____
IgA (secretory IgA, slgA)
39
IgA is synthesized and secreted by _____ cells in the lamina proper of the gut and picked up at the ____ surface of enterocytes and transported across the cell
plasma, Basal
40
while in the enterocyte, slgA is linked to a protein called ______ that inhibits degradation of the saga by proteolytic enzymes in the GI lumen
Secretory component
41
Secretory IgA, unlike IgG, does not stimulate the _______ but function by
complement system, but functions by coating microorganisms, thus inhibiting microorganisms binding to the epithelium
42
Rapid cell turnover is a ______ mechanism used by the GI epithelium
Protective (particularly true of stomach and small intestine)
43
Lining of most GI tract is replaced every ____ days
5
44
New cells of the small intestine are formed in
the crypts from undifferentiated cells
45
new cells in the esophagus and anus
are formed in the basal layer of stratified epithelium and migrate through sub-basal levels to be sloughed off into the lumen
46
Proliferative compartment of large intestine is found in the
base of the crypts
47
Stem cells are found in what part of the stomach and differentiate into
- stem cells are found in the neck of the gastric glands - differentiate into - surface and neck mucus cells (turn over most rapidy) - Enteroendocrine cells - Parietal cells - Chief cells

Histology Exam III Material (15 decks)

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