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Lower GI Tract Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is the small intestine the principal site for?

A

For absorption of digestion products by cells of the epithelial lining

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2
Q

What three regions make up the small intestine

A

the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum

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3
Q

How long is the small intestine in adults

A

4-6metres

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4
Q

The mucosa and the submucosa of the small intestine is of what shape?

A

Highly folded

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5
Q

What is the plicae circularis (folds of Kerckring)?

A

They are large deep permanent folds of the mucosa and sub mucosa

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6
Q

What are the villi

A

finger like projections

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7
Q

where are the microvilli found in the small intestine?

A

On the enterocytes

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8
Q

What is an enterocyte?

A

Enterocytes, or intestinal absorptive cells, are simple columnar epithelial cells found in the small intestine.

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9
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

rich vascular and lymphatic network to absorb products of digestion

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10
Q

What is the prominent feature of the small intestine found in the lamina propria called?

A

Peyer’s patches

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11
Q

What are peyers patches?

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue

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12
Q

Where are peyers patches found least and most in the small intestine?

A

Least in duodenum and most prominent in terminal ileum

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13
Q

How would you describe the shape of the peyers patches?

A

Groups of lymphoid nodules which bulge dome like into the lumen

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14
Q

What is the function of the peyers patches?

A

Function as an immune surveillance system

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15
Q

What cells make up the peyers patches?

A

Germinal centre of proliferating and maturing b cells surrounded by a mantle of small resting lymphocytes

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16
Q

What is the epithelium overlying the domes of the peyers patches specialised for?

A

Antigen uptake

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17
Q

What is the germinal centre of the peyers patches made of cell wise?

A

b cells

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18
Q

what is the mantle of the peyers patches made of cell wise?

A

resting lymphocytes

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19
Q

What type of epithelium cell are villi lined by?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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20
Q

The epithelium cells between villi of the small intestine invaginate to form what structure?

A

The crypts of Lieberkuhn

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21
Q

What types of cells are present in the crypts? list six

A

Enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, neuroendocrine cells, stem cells and intraepithelial lymphocyte

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22
Q

what are enterocytes?

A

most numerous, tall columnar and have surface microvilli

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23
Q

What do goblet cells present in the crypts produce?

A

mucin

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24
Q

what are paneth cells

A

form base of crypts, eosinophilic apical granules. release lysozyme, phospholipase a2, defensins

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25
what are neuroendocrine cells
produce locally acting hormones,
26
what are stem cells
differentiate into the other five types of cells mentioned
27
what is the function of intraepithelial lymphocytes
immune defence
28
list three locally acting hormones the endocrine cells may secrete in the small intestine
somatostatin, secretin and serotonin
29
What is the duodenum?
the first part of the small intestine
30
where is the duodenum attached to the stomach?
To the pylorus
31
What does the duodenum receive from the stomach via the pyloric canal?
Acidic chyme
32
How long is the duodenum in adults?
20-30cm
33
What shape is duodenum?
c shaped
34
What is the function of the duodenum?
neutralises gastric acid and pepsin and initiates further digestive processes
35
what is special about the mucosa of the duodenum of the small intestine
it has characteristic villus form
36
where are the drypts of lieberkuhn found in the duodenum?
extending down to the muscularis mucosae
37
list four things the submucosa layer of the duodenum contains
bruner's glands, tall columnar cells, mucigen filled cytoplasm, basally located nuclei
38
How do the bruner's glands protect the mucous membrane?
Alkaline mucous from Bruner's glands neutralises chyme from stomach, protecting the mucous membrane
39
List two other substances the bruner's gland secretes other than alkaline mucous
lysozyme and egf Epidermal growth factor
40
the function of lysozyme enzymes is what?
catalyse the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria
41
The small intestine may have a _____ present on the apical portion of the microvilli
glycocalyx
42
glycoprotein enzymes are secreted by the
enterocytes in the small intestine
43
the intestinal villi is the site for
absorption of pancreatic enzymes , protects against autodigestion
44
The jejunum and ileum are histologically identical except from their...
villi
45
The villi is longest in which out of the two, the jejunum or the ileum?
Longest in duodenum, shorter towards ileum
46
In which structure out of the jejunum and ileum is lymphoid tissue more prominent?
In the ileum
47
The proportion of goblet cells is greater in which structure, the ileum or the jujenum
the ileum
48
where is the bruner's glands found out of the ileum and jejunum
in the duodenum
49
the plicae circulares are only found in the
jejunum and ileum
50
where does the undigested food go from the ileum?
undigested food is propelled from the ileum into the first part of the large intestine into the caecum
51
which valve does the undigested food pass to get from the ileum to the caecum
the ileocaecal valve
52
the ilecaecal valve is an extension of what structure
the muscularis propria
53
what five structures does the large intestine consist of
the colon, caecum, appendix, rectum and anal canal
54
what is the principle function of the large intestine
reabsorption of electrolytes and water, elimination of undigested food and waste
55
describe the mucosa of the large intestine
numerous straight glands, no villi present
56
what type of epithelium makes up the large intestine
simple columnar epithelium
57
there are numerous mucous secreting goblet cells and absorptive cells present in the large intestine, for what reason?
for lubrication and for absorption
58
what is the function of the auerbach's plexus in the large intestine
regulation of peristaltic contractions by nerve fibres located between circular and longitudinal layers of muscle
59
describe the structure of the appendix
a blind ended tubular sac attached to caecum
60
in the submucosa of the appendix what would you find?
masses of lymphoid tissue
61
in the appendix the ____ are spaced more widely than anywhere else in the large intestine
glands

Tissue Biology (16 decks)

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