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Anatomy Block 3 > Lungs and Heart > Flashcards

Lungs and Heart Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

where are the visceral and parietal pleura continuous

A

At the root of the lung

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2
Q

What enters at the root of the lung

A

Bronchi, arteries, veins, lymph vessels

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3
Q

What are the 4 parts of the parietal pluera

A

Costal
Diaphragmatic
mediastinal
pleural cupula

PARTS OF THE MEDIASTINAL OFTEN FUSE WITH PERICARDIAL SAC

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4
Q

What is normally in the plerual cavity

A

lubricating pleural fluid from mesothelial lining (facilitates movement of oposing membranes)

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5
Q

What are pleural reflections

A

when parietal pleura folsds or chages directions from one wall of the cavity to another

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6
Q

What and where is the pulmonary ligament

A

aproximation of the anterior and posterior mediastinal plerua, extends inferiorly from root of each lung

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7
Q

What are plerual recesses

A

Where lungs do not mormally extend to the limits of the plerual cavity so the regions contact eachother

Lungs move in and out of these durning respiration

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8
Q

Where is the recess between the cotstal and diaphragmatic pleura and what is its significance

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

it is the infereior extreme of th pleural sac and abnormal accumulations of fluid can be found here

abtained during thoracentesis without contacting lung

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9
Q

What is the junction of the mediastinal and costal pleurae and what is its significance

A

Costomediastinal recess

Lingula of of left lung enters upon respiration, with no apparent clinical significance

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10
Q

What innervates the parietal plerura and is it sensitive to pain?

A

the phrenic nerve (diaphragmatic portion) and intercostal nerves it is sensitive to pain

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11
Q

Where can pain from the parietal plerua be reffered

A

Intercostal spaces adjcacent to pleural region

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12
Q

What innervates the visceral pleura and is it pain sensitive

A

Innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation from pulmonary plexus

pain insensitive

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13
Q

Do pleural sacs connect with eachother or the mediastinum

A

Do not connet with eachother but do connect to mediastinum at the root via the pulmonary ligament

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14
Q

What are the 4 parts of the lungs

A

apex (superior round end)
Base (concave and by diapram)
Root (passagway for structures from mediastinum
Hilum (where root attaches)

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15
Q

What is the size difference between the lungs and why

A

Right one is larger and heavier but shorter and wider (lacks cardiac notch so bigger) because the hemidiaphram is in a more superior position

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16
Q

What are the lobes and fissures of the right lung

A

Superior middle inferior lobes

Horizontal
oblique

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17
Q

What do the fissures of the right lung seperate

A

Horizontal: superior from middle
oblique: middle from inferior

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18
Q

What are the lobes and fissures of the left lung

A

Superior and inferior lobes

oblique

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19
Q

What lobe in the left lung deviates from the midline and what is this called

A

Superior lobe

Cardiac notch

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20
Q

What is lingula

A

Small projection below the cardiac notch (dips into the costomediastinal recess on inspiration)

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21
Q

Why mus breath sounds be listened to throuth the posterior thoracic wall

A

because the oblique fissure plane puts infior lobe posterior on both sides

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22
Q

Which section of the mediastinum is the trachea end and when does it bifurcate

A

In superior mediastinum, bifurcates at the sternal angle

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23
Q

What is the carina, why is it important

A

The fusion of the two medial walls of the bronchi at deviation

important radiologic landmark

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24
Q

What is the difference in bronchus size and why is it important

A

Right bronchus is wider shorter and straighter meaning foreign objects are more likely to be traped in it than the left

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25
What is the progression of trachea branching
Trachea --> Bronchi --> Lobar (secondary) Bronchi --> Segmental (Tert) Bronchi
26
What is the name for the tissue supplied by a segmental bronchi
Bronchopulmonary segment Each also has its own branch of pulmonary artery and vein
27
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the right lung
10
28
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left lung
8
29
What lobes are drained by the left and right superior pulmonary veins
Right: superior and middle Left: Superior
30
What lobes are drained by the left and right inferior pulmonary veins
Inferior lobes
31
WHat supplies the blood to the bronchiole connective tissue and where do they arise
Bronchial arteries | From either thoracic aorta or its intercostal branches
32
What arte the lymphatic plexuses serving the lungs and where are they located/ where do they drain
Superficial plexus : beneath visceral plerua drains into bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (at hillum) Deep plexus: in submucosa of bronchi and trachea drains into pulmonary lymph nodes and THEN bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
33
What do bronchial veins drain and where do they drain to
drain large subdivisions of bronchial tree right vein enters azygos Left vein enters hemiazygous system
34
What are the names for the lung and heart coverings
Lung pleura | Heart serous pericardium
35
What does the pericardial sac enclose and where in the mediatinum is it located
Heart and roots of great vessels | Middle Mediastinum
36
What sits on the outside of the parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
37
Where does the fibrous pericardium attach
inferiorly to central tendon of diaphram | superiorly to adventitial coverings of great vessels
38
What is found just deep to the visceral serous pericardium
Fat and coronary vessels
39
what forms pericardial sinuses and what two are there
formed by pericardial reflections in development transverse and oblique
40
What gives the main arterial supply to the pericardium and where are they branched from
pericardiacophrenic and musculophrenic arteries (and some other associated arteries) branches of internal thoracic
41
Where is venous drainage of the pericarium
into triubutaries of the azygos system and the internal thoracic veins
42
What innervates the pericardium and which parts have pain
phrenic nerves and the cardiac plexus parietal has pain visceral no pain
43
What makes up the cardiac plexus
vagal and sympathetic nerves
44
What are the 4 borders of the heart
right: right atrium Left: mainly left ventricle, some left auricle inferior: mainly right ventricle some left ventricle Superior: enter and exit of great vessels
45
what is the direction of the apex of the heart
Infrolatteraly left
46
What indicates the divisions of the hearts chambers externally
sulci
47
What is contained within sulci on the heart
major vessels supplying the heart
48
What division does the coronary sulcus indicate
Division between atria and ventricles
49
What division does the intraventicular sulcus indicate
Divides ventricles | Has an anterior and posterior portion
50
What 4 things does the right atrium recieve blood from
Inferior vena cava superior vena cava coronary sinus anterior cardiac veins
51
Where is the right atrium located relative to the intercostals
at the level of the fourth and fifth intercostal spaces
52
What is the smooth area of the right atrium called and what is located there
sinus venarum contains opeinings of vena cava and coronary sinus
53
What is located on the anterior inner surface of the right atrium
muscular ridges called pectinate muscles
54
What is the crista terminalis and where does it lie
a ridge in the right atrium which seperates the rough and smooth areas (sinus venarum and pectinates) it spans the distance between the vena cava entrances
55
What is the sulcus termnialis
a groove on the external surface of the heart whcihc corresponds to the cristae terminalis
56
What is the posteromedial wall of the right atrium also, and why is it significant
the interatrial septum the site for congenital atrial sept defects allowing passage of blood between atria
57
What/where s the fossa ovalis and why is is it significant
Located on the interatrial septum | previusly the site of the foramen ovale
58
What valve seperates the right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid in the atrioventricular orifice
59
What is the right Auricle and what does it represent
muscular pouch off right atrium projecting left | represents part of embryonic atrium
60
What is the conus arteriosus
cone shaped taper in superior region of the right ventricle which leads to the pulmonary trunk
61
What is unqiue about the conus arteriousus portion of the right ventricle
It is the only smooth portion (non trabeculae carneae)
62
What makes up the rough muscular area of the ventricle
Trabeculae carneae
63
What are the papillary muscles and how many are there
large muscleuar bundles projecteting into the ventricular cavity connect to free edge and ventricular surface of valve cusps (by cordae tendinae) There are 2 projections (and an occasional small 3rd called septal)
64
What are the cords connecting papillary muscles to vlalves
Chordae tendinae
65
Where is the septomarginal trabecula and what is it
Moderator band spans from interventricular septum to base of anterior papillary and carries right branch of the atrioventricular bundle from conducting system
66
What is the valve seperating the right ventricle and its major vessels/ what are its major vessels
Pulmonary valve or semilunar (pulmonary trunk)
67
How many cusps are on the pulmonary valve and when does it closed
3 (anterior, left and right) closes when ventricle relaxes and pulmonry trunk elasticity forces blood back toward the ventircle into siuses at base of each cusp
68
What forms forms most of the base of the heart
left atrium
69
What forms superior left heart border
Left auricle
70
What enters the left atrium and where
four pulmonary veins (two from each lung) | on posterior wall of left atrium
71
What is the only non smooth inner portion of the left atrium
its left auricle
72
what valve seperates the left atrium from left ventrical
mitral or bicuspid valve
73
what forms the apex of the heart
The left ventricle
74
What is the smooth region of the left ventricle
Aortic vestibule | (rest is cvered with trabeculae carneae
75
Which ventricle is thicker
Left ventricle
76
What 2 parts is the interventricular sepum composed of and why is it significant emryologically
Superior membranous and inferior muscular | Site of congenital septal defects allowing passage of blood between ventricles
77
How many papillary muscles are in the left ventricle and what do they connect to
2 (anterior and posterior) | Mitral or bicuspid valve
78
What valve seperates the left atrium and ventricle
aortic vlave (three semilunar cusps left right posterior)
79
what are aortic sinuses
small deviations above the aortic valve
80
Where do the left and right coronary arteries arise from
left and right aortic sinuses
81
Where will you hear the tricuspid valve best
5th or 6th intercostal space near left sternal border
82
Where will you hear mitral valve best
Near apex of the hear in 5th intercostal space midclavicular line
83
Where whill you hear aortic and pulmonary valve sounds best
2nd pulmonary space on left and right borders of sternum
84
Why do you listen for valve sounds away from the vlave
sounds are carried with blood as it flows away
85
What arteries supply the heart
Left ad right coronary (travel in coronary sulcus)
86
What brances does the right coronary give off and what does it supply
Right atrium ventricle, interatrial septum and sa and av nodes SA Nodal: Marginal AV Nodal Terminal Posterior interventricular arteries
87
Which of the coronary arteries is larger
Left coronary artery
88
Where does the left coronary artery travel
Passes between pulmonary trunk and left auricle before braching
89
What are the Initial branches of the Left coronary
Branches to aiterior interventricular (left anterior descending) and circumflex artery
90
What is the course of the LAD
goes inferiorly in nterior interventricular groove to apex of heart to anastomais with posterior interventricualr
91
where does the Marginal branch of the coronary arteries arise
off of the circumflex
92
What is the course of the circumflex artery
Pases posteriorly in coronary sulcus to anastomose with posterior intervetnricular
93
what is the course of the marginal branch
follows left border of heart (left ventricle)
94
What is the main vein of the heart
cORONARY SINUS
95
What ein traels with the anterior interventricular artery
Great cardiac vein
96
What vein travels witht the posterior interventricular artery
Middle cardiac vein
97
What vein travels with the right marginal artery
small cardiac vein
98
What cardiac veins arise from right ventricle and emtpty directly into right atrium
anterior cardiac veins
99
What initiates the regular electric impulses of the heart
automatic depolarization in the SA node
100
What is the pass of depolarization
sa node- through atria to av node- to left and right atrioventricular bundles (bundle of his) (causes contraction of papilary muscles and then ventricles atria contract together prior to ventricles
101
Why are neck injuries dangerous for lungs
project up behind strnocliedomastoid
102
What is a pneumothorax and why is it an issue
air into pleural cavity, | neutralizes the normally negative intrapleural pressure to atmospheric pressure
103
what is pericardiocentesis and where should it be done
drainage of fluid from the pericardial sac to releive pressure on heart done in the left 5th or 6th intercostal space close to sternum
104
why is fluid in pericardial sac dangerous
may restrict venus return

Anatomy Block 3 (16 decks)

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