LUNGS & BLOOD

Question 1

what is tidal volume?

Answer 1

normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation & exhalation when no extra effort is applied (500mg)

Question 2

what is Vital Capacity?

Answer 2

IRV+ERV+TV

Question 3

what is residual volume

Answer 3

air remaining after max exhalation

Question 4

Pressure on a mountain is 250 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?

Answer 4

50 mm Hg

Question 5

Describe the Epithelium of respiratory tract

Answer 5

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 6

what is used to prevent overinflation?

Answer 6

stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) of the lung is carried by vagus nerve (CN 10)

Question 7

What produces mucous in lungs?

Answer 7

Clara cells (nonciliated bronchiolar secretory cells that make GAGs to protect bronchiole lining)

Question 8

Obstructive lung disease

Answer 8

compliance goes up

Question 9

what is characterized by increased resistance to airflow, decreased elasticity, and increases compliance?

Answer 9

Obstructive Lung Disease

Question 10

What is characterized by low lung volumes, and slightly higher than normal expiatory flow rate, decreased compliance?

Answer 10

Restrictive lung disease

Question 11

in which can we see more squamous epithelial metaplasia?

Answer 11

Bronchus (ANOTHER SOURCE SAID ESOPHAGUS)

Question 12

Which organ most likely to undergo red infraction?

Answer 12

Lung

Question 13

What do white and red infract affect?

Answer 13

White infract: affects solid organs (ex: spleed, heart, and kidney)
Red infract (hemorrhagic infract): affects lungs & other loose organs like testis, ovary

Question 14

what can emphysema lead to?

Answer 14

respiratory acidosis

Question 15

Hyperventation causes what?

Answer 15

alkalosis

Question 16

metabolic acidosis is caused by what?

Answer 16

hyperventilation

Question 17

what is RUB MUB?

Answer 17

Respiratory Uses Bicarb, Metabolic Uses Breathing

Question 18

After metabolic or respiratory acidosis, which abnormality of electrolytes is more likely?

Answer 18

hyperkalemia

Question 19

When is intrapleural pressure the most negative?

Answer 19

end of expiration

Question 20

when is alveoli pressure the most negative?

Answer 20

Beginning of inhalation

Question 21

what kind of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx region

Answer 21

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Question 22

Infant has trouble breathing, what cells are causing problems?

Answer 22

Type 2 Pnuemocytes

Question 23

what describes oxygen transport?

Answer 23

Bohr effect

Question 24

what is true about myoglobin?

Answer 24

Graph is hyperbolic (hemoglobin= sigmoidal)

Question 25

What does carotid body measure?

Answer 25

partial pressure of O2

Question 26

Carbon monoxide (CO) decreases _____________ content but _________ is normal

Answer 26

O2 content but PO2 is normal

Question 27

Patient is on nitrous, best way to measure efficiency?

Answer 27

Reserve minute volume

Question 28

Mineral for coagulation

Answer 28

Zinc & Ca+

Question 29

What carries iron in the plasma?

Answer 29

Transferrin

Question 30

Prothrombin acts with which one to form thrombin?

Answer 30

Ca2+

Question 31

Prothrombin + Ca+/Pl/Factor 10a

Answer 31

thrombin (liver)

Question 32

what is the substrate of thrombin?

Answer 32

fibrinogen

Question 33

if we put RBC in hypotonic solution

Answer 33

hemolysis

Question 34

blood type: Anti- A & anti-B both agglutinate. What blood type is it?

Answer 34

AB

Question 35

Which one of these helps in the retraction of blood clots

Answer 35

Factor XIII (breaks down the clot)

Question 36

Boy bleeds during extraction, his maternal uncle & male cousin have same problem. What factor is involved?

Answer 36

Factor VIII (Hemophilia A & sex-linked)

Question 37

Why does Hemophilia B happen?

Answer 37

Factor 9 deficiency

Question 38

Why does Hemophilia C happen?

Answer 38

Factor 11 deficiency (also, it isn't sex linked)

Question 39

how is Factor VIII characterized?

Answer 39

by having Prolong Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) & Normal PT/ bleeding time