PATHOLOGY

Question 1

Which term is the best for a carcinoma that doesn’t perforate basement membrane?

Answer 1

Dysplasia

Question 2

What is Dysplasia?

Answer 2

a non-malignant cellular growth, but may precede malignant changes in the tissue

Question 3

What is Dysplasia associated with?

Answer 3

It is associated with chronic irritation of a tissue, tissue appears somewhat structure less & disorganized & may consists of a typical cells without invasion

Question 4

Most indicative of cancer?

Answer 4

Dysplasia

Question 5

Which term describes a lack of differentiation?

Answer 5

Anaplasia (found in more malignant tumors)

Question 6

Anaplasia is a ?

Answer 6

deddifferentiation (less-well differentiated is anaplastic)

Question 7

Metaplasia

Answer 7

reversible replacement of one tissue type with another

Question 8

Which of the following would you not expect with a neoplasm/not a characteristic of malignancy?

Answer 8

Aplasia

Question 9

Neoplasm differences?

Answer 9

Benign: 
Well differentiated
Slow Growth
Encapsulated/ well-circumscribed
Localized
Movable
Malignant:
Less differentiated (anaplastic)
Rapid Growth
Invasion/metastasis
Immovable

Question 10

Multiple Myeloma

Answer 10

Cancer of Plasma Cells in bone marrow

Question 11

Having Bence Jones in urine indicates?

Answer 11

multiple myeloma

Question 12

multiple myeloma has bench jones protein, Russell bodies, ________, increased susceptibility to infection

Answer 12

punched out appearance

Question 13

what are the lab results of a person that has prostate cancer?

Answer 13

increased serum acid phosphatase & increase prostatic specific antigen

Question 14

Prostate carcinoma w/ metastases to the bone results in_________?

Answer 14

increased PTH, high alkaline phosphatase & increase in Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA)

Question 15

Man has bony exocytosis with anaplastic gladular epi. What is it?

Answer 15

Prostate carcinoma, which metastases

Question 16

Most probable cause for prolonged bleeding time in a patient with Leukemia

Answer 16

Decreased number of blood platelet

Question 17

Leukemia is a ?

Answer 17

diseases of the reticuloendothelial system involving uncontrolled proliferation of WBC

Question 18

What do people with Leukemia may have what?

Answer 18

they may have thrombocytopenia

Question 19

Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer 19

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Question 20

In addition to Karposi’s Sarcoma which other malignant neoplasm is often observed with AIDS

Answer 20

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Question 21

HIV is a what?

Answer 21

oncogenic RNA virus

Question 22

What are non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma ?

Answer 22

they are cancers of lymphoid tissue with the involved tissue being enlarged & are accompanied by night sweats & fever

Question 23

Patient has ulcers in the gingiva. Lab values are 1200 WBC, 98% lymphocyte, normal platelet/RBC. What does the pt have?

Answer 23

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Question 24

ALL & CLL have high # of lymphocytes. The leukemia cells survive longer than _______

Answer 24

survive longer than normal cells, and build up, crowding out normal cells in the bone marrow

Question 25

What do you find in the sweat of a person with Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 25

Increased chloride & chloride (NaCl)

Question 26

Patient with rash on sided of face, droopy eye lid, constriction of pupil, what nerve dysfunction?

Answer 26

Horner's Syndrome --> damage to sympathetic (superior cervical Ganglion)

Question 27

Tay-Sachs disease (hexosaminidase A deficiency) is an auto-immune autosomal recessive disorder causing what?

Answer 27

causing deterioration of nerve cells due to accumulation of gangliosides (spinolipid) causing nerve death

Question 28

Sphingomyelin/Sphingophospholipid: know characteristics

Answer 28

Not responsible for RBC Recognition

Question 29

Describe Sphingomyelin Function:

Answer 29

Plasma Membrane Constituent, nerve tissue constituent (myelin sheath), lysosomes

Question 30

Major constituent

Answer 30

ceremide & choline, accumulation is Neimann-Pick Disease

Question 31

What diseases are lysosomal deficiency?

Answer 31

Niemann-Pick, Gaucher's, Tay-Sachs

Question 32

Prions affect which organ

Answer 32

Brain

Question 33

Mitral Valve is messed up, what will you see?

Answer 33

Pulmonary Edema

Question 34

What does not cause edema?

Answer 34

High Albumin (some sources say Shock)

Question 35

Patient had a stroke. What common artery was severed

Answer 35

Middle cerebral artery

Question 36

Stroke can cause what in the brain?

Answer 36

infract in the brain

Question 37

Patient got epidural hemorrhage, which artery was severed?

Answer 37

Middle meningeal artery

Question 38

Person has acute hemorrhage, what occurs?

Answer 38

Heart Rate increases & BP increases

Question 39

Myocardial Infraction

Answer 39

coagulative necrosis (ishcemia, blood loss, <3/kidney)

Question 40

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 40

enzyme digestion, infection (CNS)

Question 41

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 41

large areas (lower extremities, bowel)

Question 42

Fat/calcified necrosis

Answer 42

pancreas, breast, etc

Question 43

Which one is autosomal dominant?

Answer 43

Garnder's Syndrome

Question 44

X-linked

Answer 44

agammaglobulinemia (lack of gamma globulin in the blood causing immune deficiency)

Question 45

Atelectasis

Answer 45

deflated/collapsed aleveoli (reduction in gas exchange)

Question 46

What disease blocks acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ?

Answer 46

myasthenia gravis

Question 47

What tumor is associated with myasthenia gravis?

Answer 47

Thymoma (tumor in thymus gland, t-cell maturation)

Question 48

What would a tumor of the anterior pituitary cause?

Answer 48

affected ACTH specifically

Question 49

Excessing secretion of ACTH causes?

Answer 49

Cushing's syndrome

Question 50

Excessive ACTH causes?

Answer 50

hyperglycemia & weight gain

Question 51

Acromegaly as a result of tumor of what?

Answer 51

Anterior Pituitary (causing high levels of growth hormone)

Question 52

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 52

lack of ADH

Question 53

How would you describe Diabetes Type 1

Answer 53

autoimmune & islet cells appear degenerated

Question 54

What causes microanginema in diabetic?

Answer 54

Damage to small capiliarries

Question 55

What is responsible for POLYURIA in diabetes?

Answer 55

Capacity of the kidneys to reabsorb glucose is surpassed glucose is lost in the urine, along w/ of water & electrolytes

Question 56

Neurofibromatosis is characterized by?

Answer 56

Multiple large pigmented skin lesions (cafe-aut-lait, light brown spots on the skin)

Question 57

GERD (Gastro esophageal reflex disease)

Answer 57

Barret's esophagus & its premalignant metaplasia

Question 58

what is Adenocarcinoma?

Answer 58

replacement of normal epithelium lining of esophagus w/ simple columnar epithelium + goblet cells (which are found in lower GI)

Question 59

where in the GI tract are you most likely to see achalasia?

Answer 59

Esophagus

Question 60

Achalasia affects ability to perform what?

Answer 60

perstalsis, nerve related

Question 61

Describe Acute pyelonephritis

Answer 61

infection of RENAL PELVIS (Kidney & ureters), usually E. coli most often from a UTI or Vesicoureteral reflux

Question 62

Active infection & abscess can develop, renal pelvis fill with what?

Answer 62

pus (PMNs)

Question 63

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Answer 63

implies recurrent kidney infections & can result in scarring of the renal parenchyma & impaired function, esp. due to obstruction (usually E. coli infection of renal pelvis)

Question 64

Acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 64

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney. Present with hematuria & proteinuria, or acute or chronic renal failure. Primary cause are intrinsic to the kidney

Question 65

What Gi disease is characterized by non-caseating granulomas?

Answer 65

Crohn's disease

Question 66

GI carcinoma/malignancy caused by?

Answer 66

villous adenoma

Question 67

What part has the most chance of an adenocarcinoma?

Answer 67

rectum

Question 68

Rectum/sigmoid:

Answer 68

assoc w/ Villus Adenomas, such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Gardner's syndrome & Famililial Polyposis (colorectal villous polyps)

Question 69

Positive anti-nuclear antibody test (ANA) & positive anti-smith antibody is specific for disease?

Answer 69

Lupus SLE | - RH+ factor suggested that the patient has SLE, also has joint problems (RA)

Question 70

which one is not an autoimmune disease? a. Arthus reaction b. Erythroblastosis fetalis c. SLE d. Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 70

b. Erythroblastosis fetalis | mom= Rh (+)/baby Rh (-), causes hemolytic anemia

Question 71

Sickle Cell anemia Hbs what happens? (Hbs = hemoglobin S, abnormal B-globin) a. Agglutination & Oxygenation b. Agllutinatination & Deoxygenation c. Deglutination & Deoxygenation d. Deglutination & Oxygenation

Answer 71

b. Agglutination & Deoxygenation

Question 72

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 72

missense mutation (single point mutation)

Question 73

pernicious anemia results from what

Answer 73

Lack of vitamin B12

Question 74

Megaloblastic anemia is due to a deficiency of?

Answer 74

Folic Acd (B9)

Question 75

Most common type of anemia

Answer 75

Iron deficiency anemia

Question 76

Chronic ulcer with chronic slow blood loss: what is the most likely complication?

Answer 76

Iron deficiency anemia

Question 77

Chronic blood loss from duodenum leads to

Answer 77

Microcytic & hypochromatic anemia (Iron Def Anemia)

Question 78

Chronic bleeding peptic ulcer, what is a sign/symptom

Answer 78

Fecal occult (blood in stool)

Question 79

What does NOT cause Cancer?

Answer 79

Antracosis

Question 80

Antracosis is caused by what?

Answer 80

caused by chronic exposure to coal, polluted air or cigaretts. Black pigment is deposited in lung parenchyma

Question 81

Most common cancer of the lung

Answer 81

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 82

Most common site in the lung to have Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 82

Center of the Lung

Question 83

Patient has dysphonia, dysphagia, weight loss, long term heavy smoker

Answer 83

laryngeal carcinoma

Question 84

Where in the lungs does cancer arise if patient smokes cigarette?

Answer 84

Bronchiolar cells

Question 85

With hypertension, the heart shows?

Answer 85

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 86

All of the following are reasons for HTN except a. Renin b. Angiotensin II c. Partial Occlusion of Renal Artery d. Pheochromocytoma

Answer 86

c. Partial Occlusion of Renal Artery

Question 87

Anterior of the right & left ventricles have necrosis, what artery is blocked?

Answer 87

Anterior intraventricular artery

Question 88

Swollen lymph nodes in the supraclavicular region (Virchow's node) indicate cancer of?

Answer 88

Gastric cancer

Question 89

What syndrome increase risk of colic cancer?

Answer 89

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (causes growths/polyps in the GI)

Question 90

Man is in the sun a lot, develops grown spot to the side of the nose that is growing?

Answer 90

Lentigo Mligna

Question 91

Which disease is caseous necrosis?

Answer 91

Tuberculosis

Question 92

Caseous necrosis has cheese-like tissue appearance & granuloma, cell death caused by?

Answer 92

enzymatic degradation

Question 93

Caseous necrosis is common in what?

Answer 93

TB, Leprosy, histoplasmosis

Question 94

A girl from Africa had TB, what would not be a cause of a positive TB test

Answer 94

Leprosy

Question 95

What do cerebral vascular accidents, Parkinson's, & Alzheimer's have in common?

Answer 95

Dementia

Question 96

Parkinson's =?

Answer 96

substantia nigra affected, tremors/uncontrolled movement

Question 97

True or False? | Amyloid deposit related to Sjogren's syndrome (and Alzheimer's)

Answer 97

True

Question 98

If hypophysis isn't working?

Answer 98

hypogonadotrophy

Question 99

Basal cell carcinoma is upper lip & ________

Answer 99

squamous cell carcinoma is the lower lip

Question 100

What causes old men to piss a lot?

Answer 100

BPH (benign prostate hyperplasia)

Question 101

Most common cause of lump/palpable mass on a woman's breast?

Answer 101

Fibrocystic Lesions/changes

Question 102

Fibroadenoma is what?

Answer 102

most common tumor, benign, unilateral

Question 103

Hypothyroidism causes?

Answer 103

Positive nitrogen balance

Question 104

Metastatic Calcification & nephrolithiasis (renal Ca+ stones) are due to?

Answer 104

Hyperparathyroidism

Question 105

Adenosine Deaminase deficiency casues what disease?

Answer 105

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID)

Question 106

Adenosine deaminase is involved in what?

Answer 106

in purine metabolism & is needed for the breakdown of adenosine from food

Question 107

Primary function in humans is the development & maintenance of the ________

Answer 107

immune system

Question 108

What is likely cause of a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 108

Thrombophlebitis (esp from deep vein thrombosis)

Question 109

Most common endometrial cancer

Answer 109

Leiocarcinoma

Question 110

Goiiters are due to _________

Answer 110

hyperplasia (not hypertrophy)

Question 111

What does hypoplasia most like

Answer 111

small organ development