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BIOSC-101 E2 > M10 > Flashcards

M10 Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

List the 3 types of species distribution and provide an example

A

Uniform - Penguin
Random - Plants
Clumped - Elephants

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2
Q

What insight into life history does understanding species distribution provide

A

Species territory
Species family structure

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3
Q

What are the ways that scientists estimate population size

A

Count each individual(Census)
Quadrat method
Mark and Recapture

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4
Q

List the 3 types of survivorship curves and identify whether survivorship is high equal or low

A

Type 1 high - low
Type 2 equal-equal
Type 3 low-high

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5
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle

A

No 2 species can occupy the same niche at the same time

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6
Q

Provide the definition for a foundation species species and provide an example

A

Foundation Species: Forms the major structural portion of the habitat, Typically primary producers, increase biodiversity. Kelp is an example of this.

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7
Q

Provide the definition for a keystone species and provide an example

A

Presence maintains biodiversity. Typically a top predator increases biodiversity.

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8
Q

What is the definition of Ecology

A

Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment

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9
Q

Population size

A

total number of individuals

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10
Q

Population density

A

number of individuals per unit area

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11
Q

What can you determine using population size

A

Adaptability after disturbance

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12
Q

What can you determine using population density

A

Intraspecific competition

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13
Q

What does higher density mean

A

More competition and ability to find mates

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14
Q

What is the definition of species distribution

A

How species are organized with a habitat

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15
Q

What are the cons of using a census to Estimate population size

A

Difficult, time consuming

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16
Q

What is the Quadrant method

A

Used for immobile/slow organisms on a small-scale. Use several then find the average. A square of PVC generally.

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17
Q

What is Mark and recapture

A

Mobile/large organisms used for like whales.

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18
Q

What is the formula for estimating population size

A

N=(M*C)/R
M is the marked and released
C is total in second capture
R is the marked in second capture

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19
Q

What is Demography

A

Statistical study of a population that describes the populations composition and change over time

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20
Q

How do you calculate birth rate

A

Number of Births/population size

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21
Q

How do you calculate mortality rate

A

Number died. / number survived

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22
Q

Does mortality and life expectancy change from age class to age class

A

Yes different factors affect survivability.

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23
Q

What is a tool that shows mortality and life expectancy changes from age class to age class

A

Life Table

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24
Q

What is population ecology

A

Dynamics of a population over time such as birth and death rates

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25
What are the 2 models that predict population demographics
Exponential growth and logistic growth
26
What does the exponential growth model show
Accelerated growth of a population with unlimited resources
27
What does the logistic growth model show
Growth due to limited resources
28
What is carrying capacity(K)
Max population an environment can sustain
29
What are the 2 types of population growth regulators
Density dependent and density independent
30
What are density dependent regulators
Biological, population seize matters. For example competition, predation,disease
31
What are Density independent regulators
Physical, pop size does not matter. For example natural disasters, fire , drought
32
What are r selected Species
Simple, Promiscuous sexuality, early sexual maturity, high # of offspring, low parental investment
33
What is a K selected Species
Opposite of R selected, more parental care, less offspring,
34
What are long -term consequences of Humans long life span and exponential growth
Effect on enviornment(deforistatoin,overfishing) Strict Policies(one child policies) Climate change(Global Warming, intense weather)
34
How have humans hacked the system for exponential growth
We can alter ecosystems, Advanced technology, Retrieve resources, Health care all extend life span
34
What is community ecology
Study of how species interact with each other
35
What are the types of community ecology
Competition Predation Symbiosis
36
What is the Competitive Exclusion Principle
No 2 species can occupy the same niches at the same time
37
What are the 3 things Predation results in
Cycling of Predator-Prey population sizes Adaptations in predators and preys Mimicry
38
What are the 4 types of adaptation predators and preys can have for predation
Mechanical: Discourages physical contact(thorns) Chemical: Toxins,Venoms Physical: Avoid detection, camoflauge Behavioral: Play dead, schooling of fish
39
What are the 2 types of mimicry
Batesian mimicry: harmless species mimics harmful species Mullerian mimicry: harmful species mimic each other
40
What are the 3 types of Symbiosis
Mutualistic: both species benefit(bee + flower) commensal: one species benefits other species experiences neither benefit or harm Parasitic: one species benefits, other species experiences harm
41
How are the 2 was to characterize a community
Species richness, Species abundance
42
What is Species richness
of species within a habitat
43
What is species abundance
of individuals in each species within a habitat
44
What is biodiversity
combines species richness and relative species abundance
45
What is a Foundation Species
forms the major structural position of the habitat, Typically primary producer, increases biodiversity
46
What is a Keystone Species
presence maintaining biodiversity, Typically a top predator -> increases biodiversity
47
What are community dynamics
How a community structure and composition change overtime
48
What is Succession
Sequential appearance and disappearance of species in a community after a disturbance
49
What are 2 types of succession
Primary Secondary
50
What is primary succession
Only happens when new land forms
51
What is Secondary Succession
Disturbance destroys previous climax community then restart with new pioneer species to new climax community
52
What is Ecosystem Ecology
Study of how nutrients + energy flow through organisms and their surroudings
53
What are the 3 large categories of ecosystems
Terrestrial(23%) Marine(Salt Water)(75%) Freshwater(2%)
54
How many biomes are in Terrestrial
8 biomes
55
What is ecosystem Resistance
Ability to remain at equilibrium
56
What is ecosystem Resilience
Speed of return to equilibrium
57
What is biomagnification
Increasing concentrations of persistant, toxic substances in organisms at each successive trophic levels
58
What is the Law of conservation of mass
Matter cannot be created or destroyed
59
What are the 5 big biogeochemical cycles
Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulfer
60
Water Cycle
All living things need/use it <1% of available freshwater Pollution, runoff, infiltration
61
Carbon Cycle
All organic macromolecules contain carbon global warming greenhouse effect
62
Nitrogen Cycle
Nucleic acids + Proteins Agriculture (nitrogen fertilizer) runs off into water
63
Phosphate Cycle
Nucleic acids + phospholipids Weathering from rocks Agricultural runoff->water ways->less sunlight more algae more deacy less oxygen less life
64
Eutrophication
Nitrogen and Phosphate entering exosystem = rapid growth = algal Bloom = Dead zone
65
Sulfur Cycle
Cystine(Amino acid) + Protein folding Acid rain - b/c human emmissions
66
What are Biomes
Large-scale communities are defined by the dominant plant types + similar climates. Dictated by temp + preciptioation
67
How many major biomes are their
8 major biomes
68
What are the 3 marine Biomes
Ocean Coral reef - Lots of light, warm, Shallow, High biodiversity Estuary - Brackish, River meets ocean, Large change in Salinity daily
69
How many Marine and aquatic biomes are their
6, 3 each
70
What affectes the marine and aquatic biomes
Dictaed by light, temperature, flow regime, dissolved solids
71
What are the 3 aquatic Biomes
Lakes and Ponds - Limited flow regime, Vary in size, Large thermal stratification Rivers + Streams - Constant moving water, Colder and faster at source Wetlands - Soil is permanently or periodically saturated with water, Near continuous cover of vegetation, Bog,Marsh,Swamp
72
Key features of Tropical Rainforest
Near the equator, Warm + Wet High biodiversity High deforestation
73
Key Features of Savana
Grassland low Trees Hot + Topical Dry Seasons -> Fires -> Adaptations
74
Key Features of Desert
Low Biodiversity Annual plant growth Evaporation > Precipitation Hot days Freezing night
75
Key Features Chaparral
Shrub forest Dry summer rainfall in summer periodic fires
76
Key Features of Temperate Grasslands
Prairies/Steppes Hot summer low precipitation Grasses dominate Cold winter High fires
77
Key Features of Temperate Forest
Deciduous trees dominate Wide temperature range Relatively constant precipitation
78
Key Features of Boreal Forest
Cold dry winter cool wet summer Taiga/coniferous forest subarctic and higher altitudes coniferous evergreens dominate
79
Key Features of Arctic Tundra
Very cold very low precipitation very short plant growth season very low biodiversity permafrost
80
Nature's importance to humans
Food/Agriculture Medications Fisheries Livestock Cultural, Spiritual, Psychological
81
Biodiversity Importance to Nature
Better resistance and resilience to natural events, Disease and Human impact
82
Types of Biodiversity
Genetic biodiversity species diversity community/ecosystem diversity
83
Threats to biodiversity
Humans ->Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Overharvesting, Climate change
84
Are Extinction natural
Extinctions are natural
85
Holocene
Current ongoing mass extinction due to human impacts
86
How to preserve biodiversity
Legislation Government agencies Non-Profits Protected Areas Habitat restoration + wildlife rehabilitation Captive Breeding Programs
87
What is the Species type which is characterized by maturing later in life
K-selected species
88
Species type that forms the major structural portion of a habitat
Foundation species
89
A measure of species richness and relative species abundance
biodiversity
90
Spines are an example of this category of predator-prey adaptation
mechanical
91
Species type whose presence maintains biodiversity
Keystone species
92
Species distribution type that indicates territorial behavior within a population
uniform
93
Growth curve of population that experience unlimited resources
Exponential
94
Type of symbiosis in which one species benefit and the other species experience harm
parasitic
95
Tool that shows mortality and life expectancy changes form age class to age class
life table
96
Mimicry type in which a harmless species mimics a harmful species
Batesian mimicry
97

BIOSC-101 E2 (9 decks)

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