M8

Question 1

What are the 4 types of Nitrogenous bases in DNA

Answer 1

Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C), Thymine(T)

Question 2

What is DNA made of

Answer 2

Nucleotides ( Phosphate + sugar(dexoyribose + Nitrogenous base

Question 3

What are nitrogenous bases with 2 rings called

Answer 3

Purines (A,G)

Question 4

What are nitrogenous bases with 1 ring called

Answer 4

Pyrimidines (C,T)

Question 5

How long is 1 strand of DNA in a Eukaryote

Answer 5

2 meters long

Question 6

What does a chromosome/dna look like in a prokaryote

Answer 6

Single circular chromosome

Question 7

What is the structural chemical difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 7

RNA has a OH instead of H on the 2 prime

Question 8

Is RNA single stranded or double stranded

Answer 8

single stranded

Question 9

What is the different base pair in RNA

Answer 9

Uracil(U) instead of Thymine(T)

Question 10

What is mrna

Answer 10

Messenger RNA for encoding Protiens

Question 11

What is tRNA

Answer 11

Transports and deposits amino acids

Question 12

What is rRNA

Answer 12

Forms ribosomes

Question 13

Can Ribosomes exit the nucleus

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What are the 2 purposes of DNA

Answer 14

1)Pass genetic information to daughter cells/offsprings.
2)Encode Proteins

Question 15

When does DNA Replication happen

Answer 15

S phase in interphase

Question 16

Is DNA Replication semi conservative

Answer 16

Yes, because a little of the original DNA is used in the clones

Question 17

Where does DNA replication happen in Eukaryotes

Answer 17

Nucleus

Question 18

What is the first step of DNA replication

Answer 18

Initiation

Question 19

What happens in Initiation for DNA Replication and what enzymes are used

Answer 19

Enzyme Helicase is used to break bonds that keep the base pairs together. Each side then becomes the template strand for new DNA

Question 20

What is the second step in DNA replication and what enzymes are used

Answer 20

Elongation is the second step. DNA Polymerase attaches to the appropriate nucleotides to each base at the template strand to create new strand. Primase makes DNA primer to tell DNA polymerase where to start building.

Question 21

What is the problem in step 2 of DNA replication with DNA polymerase

Answer 21

Since DNA polymerase only build from 5 prime to 3 prime this causes issues for 1 of the template strands. This makes one discontinuous

Question 22

What is the lagging strand

Answer 22

The discontinuous strand that is slowed down due to DNA polymerase because of 3 prime to 5 prime

Question 23

What is the leading strand

Answer 23

The continuous template strand that is 5 prime to 3 prime

Question 24

What is the 3rd step in DNA Replication and what are the enzymes used

Answer 24

Termination and Ligase glues all the pieces together to make sure everything is connected for new DNA strand.

Question 25

What is Telomere

Answer 25

DNA + Proteins on the end of DNA, not in all cells

Question 25

What are the 2 end of replication problems for DNA

Answer 25

Discontinuous strand has some empty DNA because primer has no where to attach. Slightly short DNA strand

Question 26

What is Telomerase

Answer 26

Replicates telomer

Question 27

In Prokaryotic cells where does DNA replication occur

Answer 27

Cytoplasm

Question 28

What are the 3 stages in prokaryotic cells DNA replication(asexual reproduction)

Answer 28

Intiation, Elongation, Termination

Question 29

How many nucleotides are replicated a second in Eukaryotes

Answer 29

10-100

Question 30

How many nucleotides are replicated a second in Prokaryotes

Answer 30

1000

Question 31

What are the 2 steps when DNA encodes protein

Answer 31

1)Transcription 2)Translation

Question 32

What happen in Transcription

Answer 32

DNA -> mRNA in nucleus.

Question 33

What happen in Initiation for Transcription

Answer 33

RNA polymerase binds and partially unwinds DNA. Promoter indicates where RNA polymerase binds.

Question 34

What happens in Elongation for Transcription

Answer 34

RNA polymerase proceeds along template strand to add nucleotides -> mRNA. DNA in rewound behind RNA polymerase

Question 35

What happen in Termination for Transcription

Answer 35

Specific nucleotide sequence = termination signal

Question 36

What happens during elongation for eukaryotes to protect mRNA

Answer 36

RNA stabilizing proteins and poly-A are added to mRNA for protection for transport to cytoplasm

Question 37

What happens right after Termination in RNA processing

Answer 37

pre mRNA - Splicing -> mRNA. Exons are expressed and introns are removed

Question 38

What are exons

Answer 38

stay/expressed parts in mRNA

Question 39

What are introns in mRNA processing

Answer 39

removed/intervening parts in mRNA

Question 40

What happens in Translation for encoding proteins

Answer 40

mRNA -> Proteins, Happens in Cytoplasm in Ribosomes

Question 41

What are Proteins

Answer 41

A sequence of amino acids

Question 42

What is a codon

Answer 42

3-nucleotide code translated form mRNA

Question 43

What happen in Initiation for Translation

Answer 43

Start codon initiates protein synthesis in ribosomes

Question 44

What happens in Elongation during Translation

Answer 44

tRNA reads mRNA -> add correct amino acid. Has anti codon on it to attach and read.

Question 45

What happens during Termination for Translation

Answer 45

Stop codon terminates synthesis

Question 46

What is Gene Expression

Answer 46

Turning on a gene to produce RNA and Protein. Proteins are not always needed at constant rate -> regulate gene expression

Question 47

When does Regulation happen in prokaryotes

Answer 47

Only during transciprtion

Question 48

When does regulation happen in eukaryotes

Answer 48

Regulation can occur at each step/stage

Question 49

In prokaryotes does transcription do translation happen simultaneously

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

In Eukaryotes where do Transcription and Translation occur

Answer 50

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

Question 51

What are the 3 Mechanisms of regulation

Answer 51

Stimuli from enviornment Suppressor or promoter Proteins Change in Spicing