M5: ROOTS AND PROCESSES Flashcards
1
Q
stem, roots, leaves
A
VEGETATIVE ROOTS
2
Q
non reproductive roots
A
VEGETATIVE ROOTS
3
Q
flowers, fruit seeds
A
REPRODUCTIVE
4
Q
Anchorage of the plant in soil
A
ROOTS
5
Q
Absorbs of waters and minerals
A
ROOTS
6
Q
the _____ transports the WATER UPWARD to the shoot
A
XYLEM
7
Q
CONDUCTION of water and minerals upward to the stem
A
ROOTS
8
Q
REPRODUCTION in the form of PLANT PROPAGATION
A
ROOTS
9
Q
how does reproduction takes place in roots
A
BY PLANT PROPAGATION
10
Q
STORAGE of food
A
ROOTS
11
Q
embryo’s FIRST ROOT
A
RADICLE
12
Q
the radicle emerge from the seed through ______
A
MICROPYLE
13
Q
located above the radicle
A
HYPOCOTYL
14
Q
embryonic stem
A
HYPOCOTYL
15
Q
the first leaf
A
COTYLEDON
16
Q
supports the cotyledon
A
HYPOCOTYL
17
Q
where the SHOOT emerge
A
PLUMULE
18
Q
embyronic shoot
A
PLUMULE
19
Q
SMALL PORES in the hilum
A
MICROPYLE
20
Q
seed scar
A
HILUM
21
Q
embryonic shoot ABOVE the COTYLEDON
A
EPICOTYL
22
Q
thick MAIN ROOT in the MIDDLE
A
TAP ROOT SYSTEM
23
Q
thin, WEB-LIKE
A
FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
24
Q
Found in DICOT plants
A
TAP ROOT
25
- Anchors plant DEEPLY
- Preventing the wind blowing them over
- Food storage
- DROUGHT TOLERANCE
TAP ROOT SYSTEM
26
single, large taproot EXTENDING FROM STEM
SWOLLEN
27
LARGER THAN THE AVERAGE ROOT going deeper into the soil
PRIMARY
28
number of large EQUAL-SIZED taproots
EVEN
29
mostly found in MONOCOT plants
FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
30
The secondary roots continue to grow & eventually all the roots are of EQUAL OR NEARLY EQUAL SIZE
FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
31
- Absorbs water and nutrients QUICKLY
- Helps prevent SOIL EROSION as they anchor plants to the top layers of soil
FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
32
Main root is used for human and animal consumption
TAP ROOT SYSTEM
33
Root growth begins with _________
SEED GERMINATION
34
PRIMARY root growth is controlled by ___________
APICAL MERISTEM
35
SECONDARY growth is controlled by _________
LATERAL MERISTEM
36
1st root, embryo
PRIMARY ROOT
37
from primary
SECONDARY ROOT
38
various direction
- Anchorage of plants
TERTIARY ROOT
39
External Structure of a Root
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
40
THIMBLE-SHAPE
- protects the growing ROOT TIPS
ROOT CAP
41
meristematic region
REGION OF CELL DIVISION
42
root, lengthening
REGION/AREA OF ELONGATION
43
fully develop and become ADULT CELL
REGION/AREA OF MATURATION
44
TISSUE of root cap
CALYPTROGEN
45
○ parenchymal cells
○ GIVE RISE to root cap
CALYPTROGEN
46
slimy, produce to grow smoothly
MUCILAGE
47
growth towards sunlight
GRAVITROPISM
48
statoliths, gravity sensors
AMYLOPLAST
49
cells divide once or twice per day
APICAL MERISTEM
50
3 meristematic areas
PROTDERM
GROUND MERISTEM
PROCAMBIUM
51
forms EPIDERMIS
PROTODERM
52
forms GROUND TISSUES
GROUND MERISTEM
53
forms VASCULAR TISSUES
PROCAMBIUM
54
Root hairs formation – extension of some epidermal cell
REGION OF MATURATION OR DIFFERENTIATION
55
INSIDE of the root
XYLEM/PHLOEM
56
OUTSIDE of the root
EPIDERMIS
57
other name for vascular cylinder
STELE
58
- composed of pericycle, phloem, xylem
- LIES INSIDE THE ENDODERMIS
VASCULAR CYLINDER
59
– parenchyma tissue
- divide to PRODUCE LATERAL ROOTS
PERICYCLE
60
TUBULAR OUTGROWTH of a hair-forming cell on the epidermis of a plant root
ROOT HAIR
61
EXISTS on the ROOT but NOT on ROOT HAIRS
CUTICLE
62
INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA for the absorption of water and minerals nutrients
ROOT HAIRS
63
outer layer
EPIDERMIS
64
– lying BETWEEN EPIDERMIS and INNER TISSUES
- parenchyma
- storage
CORTEX
65
INNER BOUNDARY of cortex
ENDODERMIS
66
lignin + suberin = cell wall
ENDODERMIS
67
– WAX (suberin) AROUND ENDODERMIS
- regulates water and mineral uptake and transport by the roots
CASPARIAN STRIP
68
● bands of endodermis
CASPARIAN STRIP
69
Many roots have SECONDARY GROWTH when _________ are produced
LATERAL MERISTEMS
70
In WOODY DICOTS AND CONIFERS, parts of the pericycle and the parenchyma cells around the primary xylem and phloem become _________
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
71
The cells of the root vascular cambium divide to produce secondary _____ to the OUTSIDE of the root
PHLOEM
72
The cells of the root vascular cambium divide to produce secondary _____ to the INSIDE of the root
XYLEM
73
The patches of new secondary vascular tissue MERGE TOGETHER with the primary vascular tissue, forming a __________ of vascular tissue
CIRCULAR RING
74
gives RISE to a cork cambium in the
roots
PERICYCLE
75
produces cork which becomes part of the bark of the root.
CORK CAMBIUM
76
the xylem and phloem in DICOT ROOTS are
LIMITED IN NUMBERS
77
the xylem and phloem in MONOCOT ROOTS are
NUMEROUS IN NUMBERS
78
___ is ABSENT in DICOT ROOT
PITH
79
the ____ in MONOCOT ROOT is LARGE AND WELL DEVELOPED
PITH
80
the ____ present in MONOCT ROOT only produces LATERAL ROOTS
PERICYCLE
81
the ____ in DICOT ROOT gives rise to
lateral roots, cork cambium and the
part of the vascular cambium
PERICYCLE
82
this occurs in DICOT ROOT while it is ABSENT IN MONOCOT ROOT
SECONDARY GROWTH
83
are enlarged and store large quantities of starch and other carbohydrates, which may later be used for extensive growth
FOOD-STORAGE ROOTS
84
a specialized root which is underground stem (STEM TUBER)
POTATO
85
Plants that grow in ARID (too dry) region are known for growing structures used to RETAIN WATER & used these water supply when the supply in the soil is inadequate
WATER-STORAGE ROOTS
86
propagative roots produces _________ along the roots that GROW NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND
ADVENTITIOUS BUDS
87
Produces adventitious buds along the roots that grow near the surface of the ground
PROPAGATIVE ROOTS
88
The buds develop into ____ (suckers)
AERIAL STEMS
89
The rooted suckers can be separated from the original root and grow individually
PROPAGATIVE ROOTS
90
help plants that grow in VERY WET AREAS like swamps to GET ENOUGH OXYGEN
BREATHING ROOTS / PNUEMATOPHORES
91
These roots act like SNORKEL TUBES for plants, rising up above the surface of the water so that the plant can get oxygen
PNEUMATOPHORES
92
CONTINUALLY PULL THE PLANTS DEEPER into the soil as the stem elongates
CONTRACTILE ROOTS
93
* LARGE ROOTS ON ALL SIDES of a tall or shallowly rooted tree
* Provide support and stability to a tree
BUTRESS ROOTS
94
* They parasitize their host plants via peg-like projections called haustoria
* DEVELOP ALONG THE STEM in contact with the host
PARASITIC ROOTS
95
PEG-LIKE projections by parasitic roots
HAUSTORIA
96
Can facilitate CLIMBING and support to the plant
AERIAL ROOTS
97
ORCHIDS produce ___
VELAMEN ROOTS
98
CORN plants have
PROP ROOTS
99
vanilla orchids have
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ROOTS
100
IVIES have
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS
101
form a MUTUALISTIC association with plant roots
MYCORRHIZAE
102
_____ between a PLANT NAD BACTERIUM which allows for the FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN
MUTUALISM
103
Root (food) + fungi (protection) = _____ (better absorption of phosphorus from the soil)
MYCORRHIZA
104
2 types of Mycorrhizas
ECTOMYCORRHIZA
ENDOMYCORRHIZA
105
– FUNGI GROW in the OUTERMOST LAYERS OF THE CORTEX CELLS of the roots (trees)
ECTOMYCORRHIZA
106
– FUNGI PENETRATE THE CORTEX CELSS, all the way to the endodermis (woody and herbaceous plants)
ENDOMYCORRHIZA
107
Root + Bacteria = ______ (nitrogen fixation, convert N2 to NH3 (ammonia) USE BY PLANT FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
RHIZOBIA
108
The absorption of water and dissolved minerals occurs through _______
EPIDERMIS
109
The absorption of water is chiefly via ____ (diffusion)
OSMOSIS
110
osmosis occurs because water is present in ______ concentrations in the soil than within the epidermal cells
HIGHER
111
osmosis occurs because epidermal cells is _______ to water
PERMEABLE
112
● Movement of molecules or ions from a region of HIGH concentration to a region of LOWER concentration
● PASSIVE TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION
113
SEPARATES TWO KINDS OF MOLECULE
BARRIER
114
________ OF
INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES THAT WILL CAUSE THE HIGHER TO LOWER MOVEMENT
RANDOM MOVEMENT
115
equal distribution of molecules
EQUILIBRIUM
116
diffusion WITHOUT A HELPER PROTEIN
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
117
diffusion USING HELPER PROTEIN
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
118
- Tubers yield AMINO ACIDS
- Tubers are digestive laxative, diuretic (treatment for blood pressure), LACTAGOGUE (lactation), and STYPTIC (stop bleeding)
GABI
COLOCASIA ESCULENTA
119
treatment for blood pressure
DIURETIC
120
(lactation
LACTAGOGUE
121
stop bleeding
STYPTIC
122
- Roots yield FALVONOIDS, phytosterol, alkaloids, amino acids, tannins, glycoside, fatty acids
- Roots are BITTER, ASTRINGENT, ACRID, alexipharmic (antidotal prophylactic), antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, constipating, cooling, diuretic, EMETIC (not to vomit), febrifuge (reduce fever), resolvent, vulnerary (remedy/wounds)
MAKAHIYA
MIMOSA PUDICA
123
(not to vomit)
EMETIC
124
(remedy/wounds
VULNERARY
125
- Roots YIELD STARCHES (30%), pectins, simple sugars, gums, mucilage (rhizome – horinzontal
underground stem/potato), polysaccharides, amino acids, triterpene saponin, flavonoids
- Sweet root is said to contain GLYCYRRHIZIN, a saponin glycoside that is ROUGHLY 50 TIMES SWEETER THAN CANE SUGAR
- Demulcent, emollient (soften skin), expectorant, anti- inflammatory, antispasmodic, alterative, diuretic, and laxative (evacuate bowel)
ANIS
GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA
126
a saponin glycoside that is roughly 50 times sweeter than cane sugar
GLYCYRRHIZIN
127
- Rhizomes contain phytosterols, alkaloids, glucose, and fructose
- Rootstock considered laxative, diuretic
BIGA
ALOCASSIA MACRORRHIZOS
128
- Tubers were found to contain high amounts of MOISTURE, fat, carbohydrate, calcium; PROTEIN WAS MAXIMUM in the rhizome part
BAYABANG
NEPHROLEPIS CORDIFOLIA
129
- Roots of the juice used for CONJUCTIVITIS
- Tuberous roots and fruits are ANODYNE (lessen the pain), antiphlogistic (against inflammatory/fever), and antispasmodic (muscle pain)
BEGONIA
BEGONIA COCCINEA
130
underground stem
RHIZOMES
131
- Root tubers have yielded SAPOGENINS and SAPONINS
- Studies have suggest ANTITUMOR
- Antiproliferative, indoor air-purifying, phytoremediative, burn wound healing process
SPIDER PLANT
CHLOROPHYTUM COMOSUM
132
- Considered ANTIFEBRILE, anthelmintic, antibacterial, diuretic, febrifuge, restorative, styptic, TONIC (medicinal substance)
KOGON
IMPERATA CYLINDRICAL
133
- Various roots extracts yielded TERPENOID, steroids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates roots are considered sweet, astringent, emollient, refrigerant, diuretic, LITHOTRIPTIC (gallbladder/kidney stone), purgative, tonic, aphrodisiac
TALAHIB
SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM
