M6: STEMS Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
AERIAL part of the plant
A
STEM
2
Q
where leaves and reproductive
shots get attached (mechanical support)
A
STEM
3
Q
Stem exposes the leaves for _____ positions
A
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
4
Q
Stem positions the reproductive shoots for optimal access to _____ and dispersal agents
A
POLLINATORS
5
Q
conducts water and minerals from roots to the leaves and solutes from leaves to storage and use sites
A
STEM
6
Q
STEM FUNCTIONS
A
SUPPORT
CONDUCTION
GROWTH
STORAGE
AS FOOD
7
Q
young stem (1 year old or less) WITH LEAVES
A
SHOOT
8
Q
young stem (1 year old or less) that is in the dormant winter stage (NO LEAVES)
A
TWIG
9
Q
stem that is MORE THAN 1 YEAR OLD typically with lateral stems radiating from it
A
BRANCH
10
Q
a woody plant’s MAIN STEM
A
TRUNK
11
Q
a type of stem that is THIN SOFT, GREEN in color except that grow underground
A
HERBACEOUS STEM
12
Q
a type of stem that is TALLER, THICKER AND HARDER than herbaceous stems
A
WOODY STEMS
13
Q
stem’s PRIMARY GROWING POINT
A
BUD
14
Q
single BUD FOUND AT THE APEX of the stem
A
TERMINAL BUD
15
Q
tip of the stem
A
APEX
16
Q
protects lateral & terminal bud
A
BUD SCALES
17
Q
MARKS LEFT ON THE STEM from the previous years which serve as EXTERNAL MEASURE OF ANNUAL GROWTH
A
TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCARS
18
Q
buds that occur in the LEAF AXILS on the side of a stem
A
LATERAL BUDS / AXILLARY BUDS
19
Q
lateral buds is also known as
A
AXILLARY BUDS
20
Q
mark that leaves on the stem to the base of the LEAF FALLS
A
LEAF SCAR
21
Q
STALK that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf (extension ni stem to leaves)
A
PETIOLE
22
Q
PORES that allow for GAS EXCHANGE
A
LENTICEL
23
Q
segment of stem where LEAVES AND LATERAL BUDS ARE ATTACHED. (above or below ground)
A
NODE
24
Q
SECTION of a stem BETWEEN TWO NODES
A
INTERNODE
25
used in the IDENTIFICATION OF THE WOODY PLANTS and it is a mark left in the LEAF SCAR from the VASCULAR TISSUE attachment
BUNDLE SCAR
26
TINY BUMPS in leaf scar where vascular tissue enter the leaf from the stem
BUNDLE SCAR
27
they mark the places where BUNDLES OF VASCULAR TISSUE were located.
BUNDLE SCARS
28
○ increases LENGTH of the stem
○ mostly occur on HERBACEOUS plants
PRIMARY GROWTH
29
○ increases THICKNESS of the stem
○ builds WOODY STEM
SECONDARY GROWTH
30
located in a bud, called terminal bud at the tip of the stem
APICAL MERISTEM
31
Primary Growth
SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM
32
developing leaves
PRIMORDIUM
33
primordium plural
PRIMORDIA
34
Secondary Growth
LATERAL MERISTEM
35
○ located in AXILLRY BUDS
○ Vascular cambium to Secondary
Xylem and Secondary Phloem
(same function as your primary
xylem and phloem)
LATERAL MERISTEM
36
o Produces Phelloderm (inside) and Phellem (outside)
CORK CAMBIUM (PHELLOGEN)
37
PERIDERM IN WOODY PLANTS
PHELLEM - PHELLOGEN - PHELLODERM
38
synonym ng cork cambium
PHELLOGEN
39
Cork cells are impregnated with _______ >> protection
SUBERIN
40
develop beneath the stomata
LENTICELS
41
____ DON'T do secondary growth
ANNUAL PLANTS
42
do secondary growth
PERENNIAL PLANTS
43
complete their ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE from germination and death within ONE YEAR
ANNUAL PLANTS
44
plants that live multiple years
PERENNIAL PLANTS
45
other term for vascular cylinder
STELE
46
Composed of Primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith
VASCULAR CYLINDER / STELE
47
● SIMPLEST FORM of stele
● SOLID CORE of conducting tissues in which phloem usually surrounds the xylem
PROTOSTELE
48
● tubular with PITH IN THE CENTER.
● Common in FERNS
SIPHONOSTELES
49
● Present-day flowering plants and conifers have this
● the primary xylem and primary phloem are in DISCRETE VASCUALR BUNDLES
EUSTELES
50
Vascular and cork cambium both develop from _____ in the stem as a stem enters into secondary growth
PRIMARY TISSUE
51
Hypodermis in DICOT STEM is made up of
COLLENCHYMA
52
hypodermis in MONOCOT STEM is made up of
SCLERENCHYMA
53
Vascular Bundle Arrangement in DICOT STEM
ONE OR TWO BROKEN RINGS
54
Vascular Bundle Arrangement in MONOCOT STEM
SCATTERED ACCROSS THE STEM
55
epidermis that is present in dicot stem but absent in monocot stem
TRICHOMES
CUTICLE
56
absent - dicot stem
present - monocot stem
BUNDLE SHEATH
57
present - dicot stem
absent - monocot stem
CORTEX & PITH
58
In ______, OBVIOUS DIFFERENCES
begin to appear as soon as the vascular cambium and the cork cambium develop
WOODY PLANTS
59
Most conspicuous differences involve the _______ or wood
SECONDARY XYLEM
60
In trees of temperate climates, virtually ALL GROWTH takes place during the ______, and then CEASES until the following _____
GROW: SPRING AND SUMMER
CEASES: SPRING
61
Vascular cambium ACTIVE DURING THE SPRING that produces a xylem
SPRING WOOD
62
Xylem with SMALLER or FEWER VESSEL ELEMENTS and LARGE NUMBER of TRACHEIDS
SUMMER WOOD
63
Indicates the AGE of the tree; but it also denotes the CLIMATE
ANNUAL RINGS
64
aside from age, annual rings also denote ____
CLIMATE
65
One year’s GROWTH OF XYLEM
ANNUAL RING
66
LIGHTER STREAKS seen on transverse cross section of tree trunk
○ parenchyma cells that may be alive
> 10 years
VASCULAR RAYS
67
functions by LATERAL CONDUCTION OF NUTRIENTS & WATER from the stele (thru xylem & phloem) to the cortex
VASCULAR RAYS
68
cell w/o cell wall
PROTOPLASTS
69
as the tree ages, protoplasts of some of the parenchyma cells that surround the vessels and tracheids grow through the ___ in the walls
PITS
70
as the _____ continues to expand, much of the cavity of the vessel of tracheid becomes filled
PROTOPLASM
71
PROTRUSIONS filled with resins, gums or tannins; that prevent conduction of water & dissolved substance
TYLOSIS (TYLOSES)
72
results to accumulation of resins, gums and tannins as well as
pigments that darken color of the wood
TYLOSIS / TYLOSES
73
parenchyma cell na nawalan ng cell wall
TYLOSIS
74
due to this kaya nawalan ng cell wall ang parenchyma cell
ENZYME SECRETION
75
○ OLDER DARKER WOOD AT THE CENTER, no longer conducts materials
○ helps strengthen the tree
○ tree may LIVE and FUNCTION WELL
after the heartwood has rotted away
HEARTWOOD
76
lighter, STILL FUNCTIONING, xylem
CLOSEST TO CAMBIUM
SAPWOOD
77
wood of dicots
HARDWOOD
78
NO FIBERS OR VESSEL elements; ONLYU TRACHEIDS
○ softer
○ Pines and cone-bearing trees
SOFTWOOD
79
ALL TISSUES outside the vascular cambium, including the phloem
BARK
80
primary and secondary phloem
INNER BARK
81
periderm — cork tissue and cork cambium
OUTER BARK
82
● specialized cells or ducts
● form extensive branched networks of LATEX-SECRETING CELLS
● woody flowering plants
● COMMON IN PHLOEM but present throughout all parts of the plant
LATICIFERS
83
● a THICK FLUID that is white, yellow orange or red in color and consists of gums, proteins, sugars, oils, salts, alkaloidal drugs, enzymes and other substances
● aids in CLOSING WOUNDS
LATEX "DAGTA"
84
anong meron sa dagta ng opium poppy
MORPHINE
85
● UNDERGROUND STEM
● grows horizontally
● capable of producing NEW SHOOTS AND ROOTS
○ Ginger, Asparagus, Bamboo, Iris
and many ferns
RHIZOMES
86
● above ground stems that RUN ACROSS THE SOIL SURFACE
● long internodes
● ADEVNTITIOUS BUDS appear at alternate nodes along the ____
○ strawberry
RUNNERS
87
● similar to runners but are produced
BENEATH THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND and tend to grow in different directions but NOT HORIZONTALLY
○ irish potato, plants, tubers are
produced at the tips of _____
STOLONS
88
● modified to WRAP AROUND and CLING TO THINGS for support
● modified stem in grape & Boston Ivy
● leaf parts in peas and cucumber
TENDRILS
89
● BELOW-GROUND, compressed, SWOLLEN VERTICAL STEM
● store food
● PAPERY COVERING
● crocus and gladiolus
CORMS
90
small corms
CORMELS
91
● flattened LEAF-LIKE stems
○ photosynthesis
○ store water
○ prickly pear cactus
CLADOPHYLLS
92
○ flattened stems that resemble
leaves that can continue growing
INTERDETERMINATELY (SCALE-LIKE
leaves)
PHYLLOCLADES
93
● swollen, fleshy, underground stem
● TUBER BODY is comprised of many
PARENCHYMA CELLS that contain amyloplasts with starch
○ store food
TUBERS
94
● underground, consist of basal plate,
growing points, flower primordia and
fleshy scales
● found in monocots
BULB
95
● PAPERY OUTER COVERING
● onion tulips daffodils
● protection from DIGGING AND DRYING OUT
TUNICATE BULBS
96
● LACK a papery outer covering
● lily bulbs
● SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE AND DRYING
NONTUNICATE / SCALY BULBS
97
● small / SECONDARY BULB that forms in the angle between a leaf and stem or in place of flowers on certain plants
BULBLETS
98
● SHARP-POINTED MODIFIED STEMS
● honey locust
THORNS
99
● sharp-pointed MODIFIED LEAF or stipule (twigs)
● it helps reduce water loss
● BASE OF THE PETIOLE of most leaves of the black locust is a pair of _____
SPINES
100
● SHARP OUTGROWTH from the epidermis or bark
● raspberries and roses - originate from epidermis are neither thorns or spines
PRICKLES
101
● chewed stem in nostrils to
arrest EPISTAXIS
● epistaxis - nosebleeding
BUTTON SNAKEROOT
Eryngium aquaticum spp
102
● OIL FROM LEAVES & WOOD used
in cold remedies & LINIMENTS
● liniments - lotion to relieve
pain
CAMPHOR
Cinnamomum camphora
103
nosebleeding
EPISTAXIS
104
lotion to relieve pain
LINIMENTS
105
● BARK EXTRACT widely used as laxative
CASCARA
Rhamnus purshiana
106
● ROOT BARK EXTRACT used in INTESTINAL PROBLEMS like diverticulosis & Crohn’s disease
● Hirsutin component - lowers BP
● Alkaloid property
○ inhibits PLATELET CLOTTING
○ INCREASE brain SEROTONIN level
CAT'S CLAW
Uncaria tomentosa
107
component of cat's claw that lowers BP
HIRSUTIN
108
● TEA FROM BARK is used for coughs and colds
CHERRY (WILD)
Prunus serotina
109
● bark extract - NASAL STUFFINESS
& discharge
● DRAIN SINUSES and alleviate asthma and sinus headache
CHINESE MAGNOLIA
Magnolia officinalis
Magnolia quinquepeta
110
● Bark extract improve
CIRCULATION to the HANDS and FEET
● Reduce high BP
● Alleviate frequent URINATION PROBLEMS
CHINESE RUBBER TREE
Eucommia ulmoides
111
● DRIED RHIZOME used to control
diarrhea
CINQUEFOIL
Potentilla erecta
112
● ____ root bark was used by
black slaves to INDUCE ABORTION
COTTON
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium barbadense
113
● DRUG EPHEDRINE is used in
nasal congestion and low BP
● MA-HUANG
● TOXIC AMOUNTS OF CYANIDE
EPHEDRA
Ephedra nevadensis
Ephedra sinica
114
ephedra is also known as
MA HUANG
115
● OIL DISTILLED from barks and
leaves are used for
UROLITHIASIS
EUROPEAN BIRCH
Betula pendula
116
● Roots, stems, fruits used as APPETITE SUPPRESSANT and
EYEWASH
FENNEL
Foeniculum vulgare
117
● Plant is POISONOUS
● all parts can be used to control IRREGULAR HEART BEAT
● heart stimulant similar to digitalis
LILY OF THE VALLEY
Concallaria majalis
118
● bark source of QUININE
● treatment of MALARIA
CINCHONA
Cinchona pubescens
