MOD 9: FRUITS&SEEDS Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
a characteristic of flowering plants.
A
FRUITS
2
Q
Once pollination and fertilization occur, the ____ of the plant BECOMES THE FRUIT
A
OVARY
3
Q
Once pollination and fertilization occur, the ________ BECOME THE SEEDS
A
OVULES
4
Q
They can be FLESHY or DRY.
A
FRUITS
5
Q
The main purpose of _____ is that they PROTECT THE SEEDS DURING DEVELOPMENT.
A
FRUITS
6
Q
are OFTEN COLORFUL and EMANATE A DETECTABLE ODOR, they help in attracting birds and other animals to eat seeds
A
FRUITS
7
Q
when seed drops
A
SEED DISPERSAL
8
Q
FRUIT REGIONS:
SKIN (outside)
A
EXOCARP
9
Q
FRUIT REGIONS:
- INNER BOUNDARY AROUND SEEDS
A
ENDOCARP
10
Q
FRUIT REGIONS:
- TISSUE BETWEEN EXOCARP AND ENDOCARP
A
MESOCARP
11
Q
FRUIT REGIONS:
- FLESHY PART of the fruit
A
MESOCARP
12
Q
COLLECTIVELY term for the 3 regions of fruit (exocarp, endocarp, mesocarp)
A
PERICARP
13
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
A
SIMPLE
AGGREGATE
MULTIPLE
14
Q
- one fruit that has developed from ONE SINGLE FLOWER
- single pistil
- one carpel
A
SIMPLE FRUIT
15
Q
- ONE FLOWER that produces TINY FRUIT clustered tightly together.
- MANY FRUITLETS
A
AGGREGATE FRUIT
16
Q
- fruits from MANY DIFFERENT FLOWERS which develop closely together to form ONE BIGGER FRUIT
- pineapple
A
MULTIPLE FRUIT
17
Q
- fruits whose mesocarp is atleast PARTLY FLESHY AT MATURITY
A
FLESHY FRUITS
18
Q
- fruits whose mesocarp is DEFINITELY DRY AT MATURITY
A
DRY FRUITS
19
Q
- a simple fleshy fruit with A SINGLE SEED ENCLOSED BY A HARD, STONY ENDOCARP OR PIT
- usually develops from flowers with a
SUPERIOR OVARY CONTAINING A SINGLE OVULE
A
DRUPE
20
Q
stone fruits (e.g., apricots, cherries, peaches, plums, olives)
A
DRUPE
21
Q
- develop from a COMPOUND OVARY and
commonly CONTAIN MORE THAN ONE SEED. - ENTIRE PERICARP IS FLESHY, and it is
DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH between the
mesocarp and the endocarp.
A
BERRIES
22
Q
3 TYPES OF BERRIES
A
TRUE BERRY
PEPO
HESPERIDIUM
23
Q
- a fruit with a THIN (EXOCARP) SKIN and
a PERICARP that is RELATIVELY SOFT AT MATURITY.
A
TRUE BERRY
24
Q
tomatoes, grapes, persimmons, peppers, and eggplants.
A
TRUE BERRY
25
● are berries with relatively THICK RINDS.
● Fruits of members of the PUMPKIN FAMILY (Cucurbitaceae)
PEPOS
26
pumpkins, cucumbers, watermelons, squashes, and cantaloupes
PEPOS
27
● and HAS PULPS
● NUMEROUS OUTGROWTHS from the INNER LINING OF THE OVARY WALL become SACLIKE AND SWOLLEN WITH JUICE as the fruit develops
HESPERIDIUM
28
● Citrus Family (Rutaceae)
● Examples include oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, tangerines, and kumquats.
HESPERDIUM
29
● are simple fleshy fruits, the bulk of
whose flesh comes from the ENLARGED FLORAL TUBE or RECEPTACLE that grows up around
● The ovary.
POMES (berries)
30
apples, pears, and quinces.
POMES
31
FLESHY FRUITS
BERRY
DRUPE
POME
32
DRY FRUITS
DEHISCHENT
INDEHISCENT
33
● asexual reproduction
● fruit develops WITHOUT FERTILIZATION
● growth hormones
PARTHENOCARPY
34
- opens when RIPE
- EXPOSES SEEDS
DEHISCENT
35
The fruits in this group are distinguished from one another by the way they SPLIT.
DEHISCENT FRUITS (dry fruits that split at maturity)
36
- splits along ONE SIDE OR SEAM (suture) ONLY, exposing the seeds within.
- One carpel opens on ONE SIDE
FOLLICLE
37
larkspur, columbine, milkweed, and peony
FOLLICLE
38
- splits along TWO SIDES or seams
LEGUMES
39
peas, beans, garbanzo beans, lentils, carob, kudzu, and mesquite.
LEGUMES
40
● also split along two sides or seams, but the seeds are BORNE ON A CENTRAL PARTITION, which is exposed when the two halves of the fruit separate.
● produced by members of the Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)
SILIQUES
41
less than 3 times smaller than siliques
SILICLES
42
broccoli, cabbage, radish, shepherd's purse, and watercress.
SILIQUES
43
● MOST COMMON of the dry fruits that split.
● They consist of AT LEAST TWO CARPELS
and split in a variety of ways.
CAPSULES
44
irises, orchids, lilies, poppies, violets, and snapdragons.
CAPSULES
45
- In this type of dry fruit, the single seed is, to varying degrees, UNITED WITH THE PERICARP
INDEHISCENT FRUITS (dry fruits that do not split at maturity)
46
● ONLY THE BASE of the single seed of
the ____ is ATTACHED TO ITS SURROUNDING PERICARP.
● Accordingly, the husk (pericarp) is RELATIVELY EASILY SEPARATED from the
seed.
ACHENE
47
sunflower "seeds", buttercup, and buckwheat.
ACHENE
48
● are ONE-SEEDED FRUITS similar to
achenes, but they are GENERALLY LARGER, and the PERICARP IS MUCH HARDER AND THICKER.
NUTS
49
acorns hazelnuts (filberts), and hickory nuts.
NUTS
50
● The pericarp of the ___ (caryopsis;
plural: caryopses) is TIGHTLY UNITED WITH THE SEED and cannot be separated from it.
GRAINS
51
corn, wheat, rice, oats, and barley,.
GRAINS
52
● the pericarp surrounding the seed
EXTENDS OUT IN THE FORM OF A WING or membrane, which aids in dispersal.
SAMARAS
53
● In ____, samaras are produced in
PAIRS
MAPLES
54
● In ashes, elms, and the tree of heaven, samaras are produced _____
SINGLY
55
are PRODUCED IN PAIRS that SEPARATE AT MATURITY
MAPLE SAMARAS
56
twin fruit
SCHIZOCARPS
57
individual carpels
MERICARP
58
● Represented by the Parsley Family (Apiaceae).
● Example: parsley, carrots, anise, caraway, and dill.
SCHIZOCARPS
59
● one that is DERIVED FROM A SINGLE FLOWER with SEVERAL TO MANY PISTILS.
● pistils develop into TINY DRUPES or OTHER FRUTILETS, but they MATURE AS A CLUSTERED UNIT ON A SINGLE RECEPTACLE.
AGGREGATE FRUIT
60
this accessory fruit that is actually AN ENLARGED RECEPTACLE
STRAWBERRY
61
● derived from SEVERAL TO MANY INDIVIDUAL FLOWERS IN A SINGLE INFLORESCENCE.
● Each flower has its OWN RECEPTACLE, but as the flowers mature separately into fruitlets, they DEVELOP TOGETHER INTO A SINGLE LARGER FRUIT, as in aggregate fruits.
MULTIPLE FRUIT
62
63
mulberries, pineapples, and figs
MULTIPLE FRUIT
64
● are embryotic plants ENCLOSE IN A PROTECTIVE OUTER COVERING.
SEED
65
● Functions:
○ Reproduction
○ Covering the embryo
○ Storage of food
○ Dispersal to a new location
and dormancy (- the seed
knows what weather it will
germinate during
unfavorable conditions)
SEED
66
the seed knows what weather it will
germinate during unfavorable conditions
DORMANCY
67
outer protective covering
SEED COAT
68
other term for SEED COAT
TESTA
69
SCAR from the seed BEING ATTACHED TO THE PARENT PLANT.
HILUM
70
- SCAR where ovule attached to ovary
HILUM
71
the FIRST LEAF that germinates
COTYLEDON
72
the portion of axis ABOVE AND LOWER PORTION OF THE COTYLEDON respectively
EPICOTYL & HYPOCOTYL
73
the FIRST APICAL BUD of shoot
PLUMULE
74
COVERING the YOUNG SHOOT
COLEOPTILE
75
part of the seed where the ROOT DEVELOPS
RADICLE
76
the PROTECTIVE SHEATH investing the radicle in some monocotyledonous plants through which the roots emerge
COLEORHIZA
77
scar where POLLEN TUBE ENTERED OVULE
MICROPILE
78
● The ______ is a SOURCE OF STORED FOOD, consisting primarily of
STARCHES.
● It is the structure that has been
formed to PROVIDE NUTRITION FOR EMBRYO in germination
ENDOSPERM
79
how many COTYLEDON is present in the embryo of a MONOCOT SEED
ONLY ONE COTYLEDON
80
is THIN AND SMALL and LACKS FOOD MATERIALS in MONOCOT SEED
COTYLEDONS
81
_____ is MOSTLY PRESENT and STORES FOOD in MONOCOT SEED
ENDOSPERM
82
Radicle is protected by ____ (covering) in MONOCOT SEEED
COLEORHIZA
83
Plumule is protected by _____ in MONOCOT SEED
COLEOPTILE
84
how many COTYLEDONS are present in the embryo axis of a DICOT SEED
TWO LATERAL COTYLEDONS
85
______ are FLESHY and STORE FOOD in DICOT SEED
COTYLEDONS
86
_____ MOSTLY ABSENT and LACKS FOOD in DICOT SEED
ENDOSPERM
87
these are ABSENT in DICOT SEED
COLEORHIZA AND COLEOPTILES
88
● Have seeds that are ENCLOSED WITHIN AN OVARY (usually a fruit)
ANGIOSPERMS
89
include flowers, fruits, and endosperm in the seeds,
ANGIOSPERMS
90
● Have NO FLOWERS OR FRUITS, and have
Unenclosed or "NAKES" SEEDS on the surface of scales or leaves.
● ___ seeds are often configured as CONES.
GYMNOSPERMS
91
● Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as _____.
CONES
92
two types of SELF DISPERSAL
BALLISTIC
GRAVITY
93
* Witch hazel, squirting cucumber
- dry out / seeds pop out
BALLISTIC
94
carpel grows inside the soil (geocarpic)
*Peanuts
GRAVITY
95
● dandelion and maple
WIND DISPERSAL
96
● Fleshy fruits EATEN and DISPERSED WITH FECES
● Some have VELCRO-LIKE HOOKS that
cling to animal fur (burdock, cockleburs)
ANIMAL DISPERSAL
97
○ Seeds are SMALL AND LIGHTWEIGTH
DISPERSAL BY WIND
98
○ Fruits: samaras, plumes
DISPERSAL BY WIND
99
● Oils attract ants.
DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS
100
- rich in lipids & part of fleshy tissues
- on bleeding hearts used as food by ants.
ELAIOSOMES
101
elaiosomes came from the greek word
ELAION & SOMA
102
ELAION means
OIL
103
SOMA means
BODY
104
coconut
WATER DISPERSAL
105
● includes EMERGENCE OF THER RADICLE is the BEGINNING OR RESUMPTION OF GROWTH of a seed, and it depends on the interplay of a number of internal and external factors.
GERMINATION
106
● The EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT from the seed embryo of those structures which seed indicate the ABILITY TO PRODUCE A NORMAL PLANT.
GERMINATION
107
● The process by which a DORMANT SEED BEGINS TO SPROUT and gGROW INTO A SEEDLING under the right growing conditions
GERMINATION
108
● Germination is the process by which a _____ SEED BEGINS TO SPROUT and GROW INTO A SEEDLING under the right growing conditions
DORMANT
109
○ Seeds emerge OUT OF THE SOIL or ABOVE THE SOIL
(w/ cotyledon)
EPIGEAL GERMINATION
110
○ Seeds REMAIN INSIDE THE SOIL or BELOW THE SOIL
(leaves the cotyledon)
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
111
○ The cotyledons COME OUT ABOVE THE SOIL SURFACE and generally TURN GREEN and act as FIRST FOLIAGE LEAVES.
EPIGEAL GERMINATION
112
○ In EPIGEAL GERMINATION, the cotyledons come out above the soil surface and generally turn green and act
as _____.
FIRST FOLIAGE LEAVES
113
○ This type of germination present in groundnut, bean, cotton, sunflower, and cotton seeds.
EPIGEAL GERMINATION
114
○ The cotyledons DO NOT COME ABOVE THE SOIL SURFACE.
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
115
○ This type of germination is found in wheat, barley, maize, and pea.
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
116
INTERNAL FACTORS affecting germination
MATURITY OF EMBRYO
PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CHEMICAL INHIBITORS
117
CHEMICAL INHIBITORS
GROWTH HORMONES
NUTRIENTS
118
EXTERNAL FACTORS affecting germination
OXYGEN
WATER
TEMPERATURE
119
OPTIMUM IDEAL TEMPERATURE FOR GERMINATION
25-30ºC
120
TEMPERATURE WHERE GERMINATION STOPS
0-45ºC
