Malaria - Cal

Question 1

Infective form of malaria?

Answer 1

Sporozoites injected by mosquito

Question 2

Diagnostic stages of malaria?

Answer 2

Immature trophozoite

Mature trophozoie

Schizont

Gametocytes

Question 3

Malaria has gametocytes shaped like what?

Answer 3

bananas

Question 4

Malaria has trophozoites shaped like what under the ‘scope?

Answer 4

ring-shaped

Question 5

1 sporozoite yields?

Answer 5

LOTS of merozoites (number vary depending on species)

Question 6

Deadliest malaria?

Answer 6

Falciparum

Question 7

Predominate in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Answer 7

Ovale

Question 8

South America, India, SE

Answer 8

Vivax

Question 9

wide global distribution, being found in South America, Asia, and Africa, but it is less frequent than P. falciparum in terms of cases of infection.

Answer 9

P. malariae

Question 10

the most common species and also has a wide distribution.

Answer 10

P. vivax

Question 11

Malaria can be non-specific. But most common symptoms?

Answer 11

fever and chills, which can be accompanied by headache, myalgias, arthralgias, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea

Question 12

CNS changes, respiratory distress, bleeding, circulatory collapse

Answer 12

Cerebral malaria

Question 13

hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice

Answer 13

Hepatic malaria

Question 14

Infections caused by____ are the most likely to progress to severe, potentially fatal forms with central nervous system involvement (cerebral malaria), acute renal failure, severe anemia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Answer 14

P. falciparum

Question 15

Complications of ____ malaria include splenomegaly (with, rarely, splenic rupture), and those of ____ include nephrotic syndrome.

Answer 15

P. vivax

P. malariae

Question 16

Three distinct stage of malaria, lasting 4-8 hours?

Answer 16

Cold stage

Hot stage

Sweating stage

Question 17

Simple tertian malaria?

Answer 17

Vivax and Ovale

Question 18

Simple quartan malaria?

Answer 18

Malariae

Question 19

Malignant tertian malaria

Answer 19

Falciparum

Question 20

Syndrome features:

cyclic every 48 hours

Hyponozoite can stay dormant in liver

Requires longer treatment

Invades YOUNGER RBCs

Answer 20

Simple tertian malaria

Vivax/ovale

Question 21

Syndrome features:

Cyclic every 72 hours

Invades OLDER RBCs

Answer 21

Simple quartan malaria

Malariae

Question 22

Syndrome features:

CNS, renal, pulmonary failure/damage

Answer 22

Malignant tertian malaria

Falciparum

Question 23

Maurer’s clefts vs. Schuffner’s dots

Answer 23

Falciparum vs ovale

Question 24

Band form is a feature of what malaria?

Answer 24

Malariae

Question 25

low level persistence of parasites in the blood for 1-2 years (P. falciparum) up to 30 years or more (P. malariae).

Answer 25

Recrudescense

Question 26

What's the geography for the malarias

Answer 26

look it up

Question 27

Deadliest?

Answer 27

Falciparum

Question 28

What are the fever cycles?

Answer 28

Brush up on that

Question 29

Can be infected by toxoplasmosis how?

Answer 29

Blood infusion (and transplacental) Ingestion of infected meat Contaminated food

Question 30

Toxoplasmosis definitive host? INtermediate hosts?

Answer 30

CATS mice, mammals, pigs, sheep

Question 31

Toxo Infection during pregnancy can have serious consequences?

Answer 31

1st Trimester – Abortion 2nd Trimester – Retardation 3rd Trimester – Hydrocephaly Retinochoroiditis, cerebral calcifications, hepatosplenomegaly, liver failure

Question 32

Toxo... what is the routine method of diagnosis?

Answer 32

Serologic testing for both IgM and IgG

Question 33

INfective stage of cryptosporidium?

Answer 33

thick walledoo cyst is ingested by host

Question 34

Cryptosporidium is resistant to?

Answer 34

chlorine

Question 35

Diagnostic stge of cryptosporidium?

Answer 35

thick walled oocyst (sporulated) exits hosts

Question 36

Cryptosporidium... Two different types of oocysts are produced, the _____, which is commonly excreted from the host and the ___, which is primarily involved in autoinfection. Oocysts are infective upon excretion, thus permitting direct and immediate fecal-oral transmission.

Answer 36

thick-walled thin-walled oocyst

Question 37

4 sporozoites excreted by the infected host through feces Transmission of occurs mainly through contact with contaminated water

Answer 37

cryptosporidium

Question 38

Occasionally food sources, such as chicken salad, may serve as vehicles for transmission. Many outbreaks in the United States have occurred in waterparks, community swimming pools, and day care centers.

Answer 38

cryptosporidium

Question 39

Following ingestion (and possibly inhalation) by a suitable host (3), excystation (A) occurs. The sporozoites are released and parasitize epithelial cells (B), (C) of the gastrointestinal tract or other tissues such as the respiratory tract. In these cells, the parasites undergo asexual multiplication (schizogony or merogony) (D, E, and F) and then sexual multiplication (gametogony) producing microgamonts (male – G) and macrogamonts (female – H). Upon fertilization of the macrogamonts by the microgametes (I), oocysts (J, K) develop that sporulate in the infected host.

Answer 39

Notes from powerpoint on Cryptosporidium

Question 40

Crypto distro?

Answer 40

Worldwide

Question 41

Is autoinfection a big deal for cryptosporidium?

Answer 41

YES OK IT IS CONSIDER IT A PROBLEM OK

Question 42

What type of staing for diagnosis? Should we go for multiple stool samples?

Answer 42

Acid-fast staining is most frequently used in clinical diagnostic laboratories. Usually multiple stools are assayed.

Question 43

The most frequent symptoms is watery diarrhea, and can be associated with dehydration, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, abdominal pain, and fever.

Answer 43

Cryptosporidium In immunocompetent persons, symptoms are usually short in duration (1 to 2 weeks),

Question 44

Anopheles mosquito?

Answer 44

Malaria