Tissue Nematodes - Cal

Question 1

Trichinella spiralis mode of infection?

Answer 1

Ingestion of undercooked meat

Question 2

Trichinella spiralis infective stage?

Answer 2

Encysted larva

Question 3

As adults in the intestine, trichinella can cause mild to severe diarrhea.

However, larval migration can lead to ____, causing allergic rxns (potentially fatal)

Answer 3

eisinophilia

Question 4

Trichinella can become encysted in striated muscle, causing?

Answer 4

Rheumatoid pain

Toxic reaction

Question 5

Trichinella can be fatal if?

Answer 5

Toxemia, pneumonitis, myocardial failure, or trichinous encephalitis

Question 6

Infective third stage larvae encyst in striated muscle.

Answer 6

Non-striated muscle and other tissues do not support development to third stage larvae

Question 7

Watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, nausea during ___ of trichinella infection

Answer 7

enteral phase

Question 8

Facial and ____ edema, fever, weakness, malaise, myalgia, urticarial rash, conjunctivitis and conjunctival and subungual hemorrhages appear during systemic phase (larvae disseminate) of trichinella infection

Answer 8

periorbital

Question 9

Pts with high trichinella infection burden may die of?

Answer 9

myocarditis, encephalitis, or pneumonia

Chronic cases experience muscle pain

Question 10

Consider Trichinosis in patients presenting with myositis, eosinophilia (what percentage?), fever, elevated creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase

Answer 10

40-50%

Question 11

Trichinella specimen of choice?

Answer 11

Muscle biopsy

Larvae in striated muscle Surrounded by a longitudinal capsule

Question 12

Trichinella Found in undercooked pork and game meats where?

Answer 12

worldwide

Question 13

Larvae migrate to striated muscles (severe phase) edema, eosinophilia, myositis, death can occur

Larvae survive in “nurse cells” for about 6 years.

Diagnosis: history, clinical signs, muscle biopsy

Adults in small intestine mating and depositing larvae (mild phase)

Answer 13

Trichinella

Question 14

Common name: Guinea worm

Answer 14

Dracunculus medinensis

Question 15

Female migration: Severe allergenic reactions

Toxemia: As the female reaches the surface of the body

Answer 15

Dracunculus medinensis

Question 16

Dracunculus medinensis results in blisters where?

Answer 16

Usually lower extremities, with severe itching/burning prior to blister rupture

Question 17

Dracunculus medinensis infective stage?

Answer 17

Larva undergoes molt in copepod to become an L3 larva

Question 18

Dracunculus medinensis specimen processing?

Answer 18

Removal of the adult by the twist-stick method

Question 19

Dracunculus medinensis geography?

Answer 19

Africa, Asia (India)

Question 20

Acquired by ingesting an infected copepod, usually in water.

Larvae penetrate into humans deep connective tissue, mate, then migrate to subcutaneous tissues.

Answer 20

Dracunculus medinensis

Question 21

Lymphatic filariasis?

Answer 21

Wucheria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

Question 22

Mainly blood/lymphatic organisms.

Generally transmitted via bites from flies/mosquitoes

Answer 22

Wucheria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

Question 23

Once in blood, go to target sites and mature at those locations, causing symptoms

Symptoms include inflammation and swelling due to edema or blockage of vessels

Answer 23

Wucheria bancrofti
Brugia malayi

(most are tropical diseases)

Question 24

INfective stage of wucheria bancrofti?

And Brugia malayi?

Answer 24

mosquito takes a blood meal, allowing L3 larval to enter host skin

Question 25

Host habitat for wucheria bancrofti?

Answer 25

Lymphatic

Question 26

Infective form: Filariform larva Mode of infection: Inoculation

Answer 26

wucheria bancrofti

Question 27

Common name: Elephantiasis worm

Answer 27

wucheria bancrofti Brugia malayi

Question 28

Pathogenesis: Elephantiasis, fibrosis, thrombi, lymphatic inflammation, granulomatous infiltration

Answer 28

wucheria bancrofti

Question 29

Often asymptomatic. Often noticed as acute adenolymphangitis with fever and swelling of the leg, arm, or male genitalia but Chronic swelling of the legs and compromised lymphatic drainage may result in secondary bacterial infections and sclerosis and verrucous changes of the overlying skin

Answer 29

wucheria bancrofti

Question 30

History is important. Exposure to mosquitoes in endemic areas Microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smears. Best obtained at night. DIURNAL

Answer 30

wucheria bancrofti

Question 31

Consider these to be similar enough to W. bancrofti for treatment purposes... Except this is found more in the Orient

Answer 31

Brugia malayi

Question 32

Found in Africa, India, SE Asia, South America W. bancrofti is most prevalent, B. malayi in isolated pockets of?

Answer 32

SE Asia

Question 33

Adults in lymphatics, microfilariae in blood vessels around the lungs or peripheral areas. Symptoms: from adult worms, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, can lead to elephantiasis Diagnosis: Blood test for microfilariae

Answer 33

B. malayi W. bancrofti Lymphatic filiarisis

Question 34

Common name: Eyeworm

Answer 34

Loa loa

Question 35

Pathogenesis: Calabar swelling, urticaria, fever, neurologic symptoms, allergenic responses, irritation and destruction of ocular tissues

Answer 35

Loa loa

Question 36

Calabar swelling?

Answer 36

Loa loa

Question 37

Habitat: The subcutaneous and deep connective tissue

Answer 37

Loa loa

Question 38

Tabanid fly, chrysops fly | mango fly

Answer 38

Loa loa

Question 39

Reservoir host for loa loa?

Answer 39

monkey

Question 40

Infective form for Loa Loa

Answer 40

filariform

Question 41

Diagnostic stage of loa loa?

Answer 41

Sheathed microfilariae found in spinal fluid, urine, sputum

Question 42

Most persons are asymptomatic. Transient Calabar swellings are noted in some Renal complications (hematuria, proteinuria) and encephalitis may be noted after treatment with diethylcarbamazine

Answer 42

Loa loa

Question 43

AKA the African Eye Worm Central and W Africa.

Answer 43

Loa loa

Question 44

No Wolbachia symbiont

Answer 44

Loa loa

Question 45

Common name: Blinding filariasis; river blindness

Answer 45

Onchocerca volvulus

Question 46

Onchocerca volvulus infective stage?

Answer 46

L3 larva from bite of blackfly

Question 47

Onchocerca volvulus intermediate host?

Answer 47

Blackfly (buffalo gnat)

Question 48

Adults live in subcutaneous nodules Pathology is the host’s inflammatory response to the microfilariae In the eye, microfilariae initially elicit punctate keratitis which can progress to a sclerosing keratitis and blindness

Answer 48

Onchocerca volvulus

Question 49

may cause inguinal lymph node fibrosis and atrophy of overlying skin that leads to hanging groin

Answer 49

Onchocerca volvulus

Question 50

Geographical distribution of Onchocerca volvulus

Answer 50

Central and northern South America and Africa

Question 51

Symptoms: Nodules on head (SA), lower trunk (Africa), pruritic skin reactions, “leopard skin”, hanging groin, progressive blindness

Answer 51

Onchocerca volvulus

Question 52

Actually a symptom of larval movement in tissues.

Answer 52

Visceral/Cutaneous Larval Migrans

Question 53

will occur in gut tissues, caused by several species, of which Toxocara spp. are best known

Answer 53

Visceral Larval Migrans

Question 54

occurs under skin (often termed “creeping eruption”) and many species of worms may cause this (e.g. Ascaris spp. and various hookworms)

Answer 54

CutaneousLarval Migrans

Question 55

Caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati Ingestion of infective eggs is the root cause of the problem

Answer 55

Visceral Larval Migrans

Question 56

Found wherever dogs and cats are found Puppies can be infected via transplacentally or through breast milk

Answer 56

Visceral Larval Migrans

Question 57

Toxocara canis infective stage?

Answer 57

embryonated egg

Question 58

Usually in children < 6 years old Most have generalized symptoms such as cough, fever, and wheezing Liver frequently involved, hepatomegaly is common Lungs, spleen, skin are other sites involved

Answer 58

Toxocara canis

Question 59

"leopard skin"

Answer 59

O. volvulus

Question 60

Larval forms leave focal site and migrate through tissues to new sites to mature

Answer 60

Visceral Larval Migrans

Question 61

Diagnosis is definitively confirmed by finding larvae in affected tissue by histologic examination

Answer 61

Toxocara

Question 62

Sites characterized by inflammation, damage, and pruritic skin lesions Long term/deeper infections may have allergic conditions and toxemia reactions

Answer 62

Cutaneous Larval Migrans

Question 63

Organisms may form granulomas in tissues

Answer 63

Cutaneous Larval Migrans

Question 64

“Creeping Eruption”

Answer 64

Cutaneous Larval Migrans