managing

Question 1

mitigation

Answer 1

strategies meant to avoid, delay, or prevent hazard events

e.g. land use zoning, diverting lava flows

Question 2

adaptation

Answer 2

strategies designed to reduce impacts of hazard events

-e.g. high tech monitoring, community preparedness

Question 3

modifying the losses

Answer 3

trying to reduce losses

e.g. aid, insurance, emergency response

Question 4

modifying the event

Answer 4

-efforts focused on science and engineering solutions to reduce the hazard

-cant in earthquakes, coastal defences in tsunamis and lava diversion in eruptions

Question 5

modify vulnerability

Answer 5

individual, community, or country level which can involve preparation for hazard so capacity to cope is better

e.g. education, warning, evacuation

-earthquakes = aseismic buildings, education and drills
-tsunamis = warning and prediction systems, provision of emergency kits
-volcanoes = monitoring, hazard mapping

Question 6

hazard mitigation strategies

Answer 6

diverting lava flows
-building barriers and digging channels e.g. mount etna italy 1983 success)
-generally ineffective as lava path hard to predict and terrain has to be suitable e.g. downward slope
-diverting lava may push it to another community

GIS mapping
-2015 nepal combined info including location, and very rough pop sizes of major towns affected and locations of airports = helps aid agencies

land use zoning
-Mount Taranaki NZ, land divided into zones based on likely type and level of damage from eruption
-settlements limited, hospitals banned, communities resettled

hazard resistant design and engineering defenses
-new buildings/structures to resist ground shaking and roofs near volcanoes sloped
-buildings in tsunami risk elevated and anchored to prevent floating away
-exisitng buildings modifed e.g. strengthening foundations
-protective structures to slow tsunami or landslides (seawall)
-pakistan = some houses built from straw held together by plastic netting so earthquake walls cannot collapse

Question 7

why collection of disaster data often innaccurate

Answer 7

• death toll = indirect deaths aswell?
  -dif opinions on what counts as a disaster
  -political influence = accurately reported?
  -disasters in remote areas are unrecorded

Question 8

hazard adaptation strategies

Answer 8

public education
-reduce vulnerability and prevent hazards becoming disasters
-how to protect themselves
-Japan children practise earthquake drills 4x year & japan gov hold annual disaster prevention day = 2 mil people regularly practice = encourages households and companies to have emergency prep kits and educational material

community preparedness and adaptation
-2004 indian ocean tsunami, elders of thailands Moken tribe noticed unusual movement in bay of Bengal and ordered villagers to run to hilltop = only 1/200 died
-especiialy effective in LIC’s where gov dont have resources to invest in disaster planning
-community develop plans e.g. vulnerable people who need special assistance, practice evacuation drills, first aid course practice

Crisis mapping
-days after 2010 haiti, members of Ushahidi set up map site where locals put info like where people trapped or food and water needed = because lack of good infrastructure and communications limited aid

high tech monitoring and early warning systems
-phone alerts e.g. japan gov in 2011
-mount Pinatubo phillipines predicted by USGS
-indian ocean warning system sattelite comm transmit data to shore to warn people