Maternal Morbidity and Mortality

Question 1

What is the WHO definition of maternal mortality?

Answer 1

Death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination, from pregnancy-related causes.

Question 2

How does maternal mortality reflect disparities in society?

Answer 2

It highlights disparities by income, location (urban/rural), and social factors.

Question 3

How many women die daily from pregnancy-related causes?

Answer 3

About 800 women.

Question 4

What percentage of maternal deaths occur in developing countries?

Answer 4

0.99

Question 5

What is Nigeria’s contribution to global maternal deaths?

Answer 5

About 14%; ~40,000 maternal deaths annually.

Question 6

What is the lifetime risk of maternal death in Nigeria?

Answer 6

1 in 13.

Question 7

For each maternal death, how many women suffer long-term consequences?

Answer 7

30 to 50 women experience lasting conditions per maternal death.

Question 8

What are the three main measures of maternal mortality?

Answer 8

Maternal mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, lifetime risk.

Question 9

What was Nigeria’s MMR in 2013?

Answer 9

576 per 100,000 live births.

Question 10

Which region in Nigeria has the highest MMR?

Answer 10

North East (1,549 per 100,000 live births).

Question 11

What are the two categories of medical causes of maternal mortality?

Answer 11

Direct and indirect causes.

Question 12

What percentage of maternal deaths are due to direct causes?

Answer 12

0.8

Question 13

Name five direct causes of maternal mortality.

Answer 13

Haemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorders, obstructed labour.

Question 14

Name four indirect causes of maternal mortality.

Answer 14

Anaemia, malaria, HIV, sickle cell disease, cardiac disease.

Question 15

What is the 3 Delays Model?

Answer 15

A framework describing delays leading to maternal deaths.

Question 16

What is Phase 1 of the 3 Delays Model?

Answer 16

Delay in deciding to seek care.

Question 17

List three contributors to Phase 1 delays.

Answer 17

Low status of women, poor understanding, cost concerns.

Question 18

What is Phase 2 of the 3 Delays Model?

Answer 18

Delay in reaching a health facility.

Question 19

List three contributors to Phase 2 delays.

Answer 19

Distance, transportation issues, poor infrastructure.

Question 20

What is Phase 3 of the 3 Delays Model?

Answer 20

Delay in receiving appropriate treatment.

Question 21

List two contributors to Phase 3 delays.

Answer 21

Poor facilities, lack of trained staff.

Question 22

Define maternal morbidity.

Answer 22

Any health condition related to pregnancy that harms a woman’s well-being.

Question 23

How long can maternal morbidity symptoms take to appear?

Answer 23

Several months.

Question 24

Define a maternal near-miss.

Answer 24

A woman who nearly died but survived a pregnancy complication.

Question 25

Name three WHO criteria for identifying maternal near-miss cases.

Answer 25

Neurologic, cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, renal, uterine, or coagulation dysfunction.

Question 26

What global initiatives target maternal mortality reduction?

Answer 26

SMI, MPS, MDG, SDG.

Question 27

What was the target of MDG 5A?

Answer 27

Reduce MMR by 75% between 1990 and 2015.

Question 28

What indicators were included in MDG 5B?

Answer 28

Contraceptive prevalence, adolescent birth rate, antenatal coverage, unmet need for family planning.

Question 29

What does SDG Goal 3 aim to reduce the global MMR to?

Answer 29

Less than 70 per 100,000 live births.

Question 30

What are the three levels of prevention for reducing maternal mortality?

Answer 30

Primary (avoid pregnancy), secondary (prevent complications), tertiary (manage emergencies).

Question 31

What does the acronym “FACE” stand for in the SMI?

Answer 31

Family planning, Antenatal care, Clean delivery, Emergency Obstetric Care.

Question 32

What are the components of Basic EmOC?

Answer 32

Antibiotics, anticonvulsants, uterotonics, MVA, MRP, instrumental delivery.

Question 33

What are the additional components in Comprehensive EmOC?

Answer 33

Basic EmOC + C-section, blood transfusion, newborn resuscitation.

Question 34

What is M(P)DSR?

Answer 34

Maternal (and Perinatal) Death Surveillance and Response.

Question 35

• 35. What is the key recommendation for reducing MM in Nigeria?

Answer 35

• 35. Sustained political commitment and long-term investment from all stakeholders.