🧠MCAT Behavioral Sciences Review - 9 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is an achieved status?
A
A status gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices
2
Q
What are the three types of statuses?
A
- Ascribed
- Achieved
- Master
3
Q
What is a role in the context of social interaction?
A
A set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms defining expectations for a status
4
Q
What is role conflict?
A
Difficulty in satisfying the requirements of multiple roles
5
Q
What is the definition of a group in sociological terms?
A
Two or more people who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity
6
Q
What is the difference between an in-group and an out-group?
A
- In-group: A social group with which a person identifies
- Out-group: A social group with which a person does not identify
7
Q
What is a peer group?
A
A group of self-selected equals associated by similar interests, ages, or statuses
8
Q
What characterizes primary groups?
A
Direct interactions and close, personal bonds
9
Q
What characterizes secondary groups?
A
Impersonal interactions and a focus on accomplishing a specific purpose
10
Q
What is the concept of impression management?
A
The process of presenting oneself in a favorable light during social interactions
11
Q
Fill in the blank: A bureaucracy is a specific example of a(n) _______.
A
[organization]
12
Q
Which status is typically the most important and affects all aspects of a person’s life?
A
Master status
13
Q
What is role exit?
A
The dropping of one identity for another
14
Q
What is the term for a group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves?
A
Reference group
15
Q
True or False: Social interaction is facilitated by preexisting commonalities between individuals.
A
True
16
Q
What is the significance of emotional expression in social interaction?
A
It helps individuals connect and communicate with others
17
Q
How do primary and secondary groups differ in terms of duration?
A
Primary groups last longer than secondary groups
18
Q
What is the relationship between social groups and social interaction?
A
Social interaction strengthens social groups
19
Q
What can cause pigeonholing in social perception?
A
Master statuses
20
Q
What is the primary function of social groups?
A
To provide belonging, acceptance, safety, and support
21
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ self is most similar to the ought self.
A
[tactical self]
22
Q
What are the two main types of groups distinguished by Ferdinand Tonnies?
A
- Gemeinschaft (community)
- Gesellschaft (society)
23
Q
Which form of communication is characterized by facial expressions?
A
Nonverbal communication
24
Q
What is the difference between primary and secondary groups?
A
Primary groups have close, personal relationships and last a long time, while secondary groups are impersonal, businesslike, and typically short-lived.
Examples of primary groups include family and close friends; secondary groups include classmates working on a project.
25
What does Gemeinschaft refer to in sociology?
Gemeinschaft refers to community groups unified by shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography.
## Footnote
Examples include families and neighborhoods.
26
What does Gesellschaft refer to in sociology?
Gesellschaft refers to society groups formed out of mutual self-interests working toward the same goal.
## Footnote
Examples include companies and countries.
27
What is the smallest size a group can be?
Two people.
28
What is interaction process analysis?
A technique for observing, classifying, and measuring interactions within small groups.
29
What is SYMLOG?
A revised system for multiple level observation of groups based on three fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs. submission, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, and instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive.
30
What is group conformity?
The tendency of individuals to comply with the group's goals, even when they conflict with their own goals.
31
What is groupthink?
A phenomenon where group members prioritize consensus over critical evaluation of information, potentially limiting options.
32
What is a network in sociology?
The observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups.
33
What is network redundancy?
Overlapping connections within a network where the same individual is connected multiple times.
34
What are immediate networks characterized by?
Dense with strong ties.
35
What are distant networks characterized by?
Looser connections with weaker ties.
36
What is the significance of combining immediate and distant networks?
It provides the most benefit to individuals by offering diverse resources.
37
What is a formal organization?
A complex secondary group set up to achieve specific goals, characterized by structure and culture.
38
What are the six characteristics of a bureaucracy?
* Paid, nonelected officials on a fixed salary
* Rights and privileges for officials
* Regular salary increases and promotions
* Officials enter with advanced degrees or training
* Defined responsibilities and obligations
* Accountability for position demands
39
What does the iron law of oligarchy state?
Democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group.
40
What is McDonaldization?
A shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societal practices.
41
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a complex secondary group set up to achieve specific goals.
organization
42
Fill in the blank: _______ refers to groups unified by shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography.
Gemeinschaft
43
Fill in the blank: _______ refers to society groups formed out of mutual self-interests.
Gesellschaft
44
List the three types of statuses and provide an example of each.
* Ascribed status: Example - Gender
* Achieved status: Example - Degree
* Master status: Example - Race
45
Provide a brief definition of the term 'Status'.
A social position an individual holds.
46
Provide a brief definition of the term 'Role'.
The behavior expected of an individual in a particular social position.
47
Provide a brief definition of the term 'Group'.
A collection of individuals who interact and share a common identity.
48
Provide a brief definition of the term 'Network'.
A pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups.
49
Provide a brief definition of the term 'Organization'.
A complex secondary group designed to achieve specific goals.
50
What are the two forms of communication?
Verbal and nonverbal.
51
What is the difference between front-stage self and back-stage self?
Front-stage self is the persona presented to an audience; back-stage self is the persona adopted when not in a social situation.
52
What are examples of nonverbal communication?
* Body language
* Facial expression
* Visual display
* Scent
* Vocalization
53
Who developed the dramaturgical perspective?
Erving Goffman.
54
What is impression management?
The process of influencing how others perceive us.
55
What is self-presentation?
The process of displaying ourselves to society to ensure others see us in the best possible light.
56
What did Charles Darwin state about emotional expression?
Emotional expression involves facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes.
57
What is the appraisal model of emotional expression?
It accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but that there is a cognitive antecedent.
58
What are the three primary models that describe individual emotion?
* James-Lange
* Cannon-Bard
* Schachter-Singer
59
What is the social construction model of emotions?
It assumes emotions are based on experiences and situational context, not biological bases.
60
What are display rules?
Cultural expectations governing which emotions can be expressed and to what degree.
61
What is a cultural syndrome?
A shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors organized around a central theme.
62
How do cultural syndromes influence emotions?
They influence the rules for expressing or suppressing emotions and the ways emotions are experienced.
63
How does gender affect emotional expression?
Women are expected to express anger less publicly than men; men are expected to repress sadness.
64
What are the three 'selves' described in impression management?
* Authentic self
* Ideal self
* Tactical self
65
What is self-disclosure in impression management?
Giving information about oneself to establish an identity.
66
What does managing appearances entail?
Using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations to create a positive image.
67
What is ingratiation?
Using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over.
68
What is alter-casting?
Imposing an identity onto another person.
69
What is the difference between the 'Me' and the 'I' according to George Herbert Mead?
'Me' is developed through interaction with society; 'I' represents individual impulses influenced by societal expectations.
70
What was the focus of Experiment 1 with five-year-old children?
Investigating stealing vs. helping behavior in observed vs. unobserved conditions.
71
What were the results of Experiment 1 regarding stealing and helping behavior?
Children were more likely to steal when alone and more likely to help when observed.
72
What was the focus of Experiment 2 with chimpanzees?
Investigating stealing vs. helping behavior in observed vs. unobserved conditions.
73
What were the findings regarding chimpanzee behavior in Experiment 2?
Chimpanzees showed no concern for the presence of others in stealing or helping.
74
What conclusion can be drawn about children and chimpanzees from the studies?
Children have capacity for prosocial behavior to manage impressions, unlike chimpanzees in the given situation.
75
What is self-presentation?
The way individuals change their behavior to gain the favor of others.
76
What is reputation management?
The process of influencing how others perceive an individual.
77
Do children have the capacity for acting in a prosocial manner to manage impressions?
Yes, children have some capacity for acting in a prosocial manner to manage impressions.
78
Can chimpanzees manage impressions in the same way as children?
No, chimpanzees are incapable of or unconcerned with managing impressions.
79
Define communication.
The ability to convey information by speech, writing, signals, or behavior.
80
What is verbal communication?
The transmission of information via the use of words, whether spoken, written, or signed.
81
What is nonverbal communication?
Communication without words, including facial expressions, tone of voice, body position, and movement.
82
List examples of nonverbal communication.
* Facial expressions
* Tone of voice
* Body language
* Gestures
* Eye contact
83
How does culture influence nonverbal communication?
Nonverbal communication is often dictated by culture, affecting interpretations like eye contact.
84
What are pheromones?
Chemical signals used by animals to communicate, often for attracting mates.
85
What is animal communication?
Any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another.
86
Give an example of body language in animals.
Dogs tucking their tails between their legs when frightened.
87
What is the significance of facial expressions in animals?
Facial expressions indicate emotions and are more conserved between species than body language.
88
What are visual displays in animal communication?
Communication through appearance, such as colorful plumage in birds or bioluminescence.
89
What is the 'waggle dance'?
A movement used by bees to indicate the location of food relative to the hive.
90
What is the role of vocalizations in animal communication?
Vocalizations can convey specific messages, like warnings about predators.
91
What is the front stage self?
The self that individuals present to others, striving to maintain a desired image.
92
What is the back stage self?
The self that is free to act outside of the desired image, away from the audience.
93
What is impression management?
The maintenance of a public image through various strategies.
94
Define status in a social context.
A perceived position in society used to classify individuals.
95
What is an ascribed status?
A status involuntarily assigned based on characteristics like race or gender.
96
What is an achieved status?
A status that is voluntarily earned by an individual.
97
What is a master status?
The status by which an individual is primarily identified.
98
What is role performance?
Carrying out the behaviors associated with a given role.
99
What is role conflict?
Difficulty in satisfying the requirements of multiple roles simultaneously.
100
What is groupthink?
When members conform to one another's views without critical evaluation.
101
What is a primary group?
Groups containing strong emotional bonds.
102
What is a secondary group?
Temporary groups with fewer emotional bonds.
103
What does Gemeinschaft refer to?
A community unified by shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography.
104
What does Gesellschaft refer to?
A society unified by mutual self-interests in achieving a goal.
105
What is an example of body language in dogs?
Tail between the legs
## Footnote
This indicates submission or fear.
106
What do facial expressions in animals often signify?
Emotions or states of being
## Footnote
For example, baring teeth can indicate aggression.
107
What is a visual display used by peacocks?
Colorful plumage
## Footnote
This is often used to attract mates.
108
What method of communication do insects primarily use?
Pheromones
## Footnote
These are chemical signals used for various purposes.
109
What type of communication do birds use?
Birdcalls
## Footnote
These vocalizations serve to attract mates or warn of danger.
110
What is achieved status?
A status acquired through personal efforts
## Footnote
This contrasts with ascribed status, which is involuntary.
111
What is ascribed status?
A status involuntarily given based on characteristics like race or gender
## Footnote
It is contrasted with achieved status.
112
Define master status.
A status that influences all aspects of an individual's life
## Footnote
Example: being a college graduate can be a master status.
113
What are the six characteristics of a bureaucracy?
1. Paid officials on a fixed salary
2. Nonelected officials with rights and privileges
3. Regular salary increases and promotions
4. Officials entering with advanced degrees
5. Rigidly defined responsibilities and procedures
6. Responsibility for meeting obligations of the office
114
What is verbal communication?
The use of words (spoken, written, or signed)
## Footnote
It contrasts with nonverbal communication.
115
What is nonverbal communication?
Signaling emotions or ideas without words
## Footnote
Includes body language, facial expressions, and eye contact.
116
True or False: Aligning actions is an impression management technique.
True
## Footnote
It involves providing socially acceptable reasons for unexpected behavior.
117
What is the hallmark of altercasting?
Imposing a role on another person
## Footnote
This can be seen in statements implying someone's behavior defines their worth.
118
What is Gesellschaft?
A society where individuals work towards a common goal
## Footnote
Contrasts with Gemeinschaft, which is based on community bonds.
119
What are display rules?
Cultural expectations of emotion expression
## Footnote
Some cultures may view sadness as personal, while others share it publicly.
120
What does SYMLOG analyze?
Group dynamics along three dimensions: dominant vs. submissive, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive
## Footnote
This helps understand group behavior.
121
What happens when a candidate is 'exposed'?
Personal characteristics usually hidden are brought to public view
## Footnote
This is a shift from back stage to front stage self.
122
What is the ought self?
Who others think we should be
## Footnote
It reflects the expectations imposed by others.
123
What is the basic model of emotion proposed by Charles Darwin?
Emotions serve an evolutionary purpose and are similar across cultures
## Footnote
Supported by the existence of seven universal emotions.
124
Define intraspecific communication.
Communication between members of the same species
## Footnote
Contrasts with interspecific, which is between different species.
125
What defines primary groups?
Direct and close bonds providing warm, personal relationships
## Footnote
Secondary groups have superficial bonds and are typically shorter-lived.
