Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Question 1

what is endocrinology

Answer 1

study of intracellular and extracellular communication by hormones

Question 2

how does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis

Answer 2

regulate metabolism, growth/development, and reproduction

Question 3

what are the main messengers in the endocrine system

Answer 3

hormones

Question 4

where are receptors of target organs located in the endocrine system

Answer 4

on cells surface or intracellular

Question 5

where are endocrine hormones secreted?

Answer 5

into the blood

Question 6

where are exocrine hormones secreted?

Answer 6

through ducts opening onto an epithelium

Question 7

what are juxtacrine hormones?

Answer 7

target and effector in direct contact

Question 8

what do neurocrine hormones influence

Answer 8

on or by nerves

Question 9

what are paracrine hormones?

Answer 9

target and effector are near each other

Question 10

what are autocrine hormones?

Answer 10

target cell is the effector cell

Question 11

what are neuroendocrine hormones?

Answer 11

involve both nervous stimulation and endocrine secretion

Question 12

what is the hypothalamus

Answer 12

brain region/center where activity of the ANS and endocrine glands are integrated with input from other brain centers

Question 13

how are endocrine and CNS responses linked

Answer 13

pituitary

Question 14

the hypothalamus contains cells that produce hormones…

Answer 14

TRH, GRH, GHRH, CRH, somatostatin, dopamine, vasopressin/ADH, oxytocin

Question 15

where are hormones of the hypothalamus released

Answer 15

blood

Question 16

what do hormones of the hypothalamus target

Answer 16

mainly the pituitary

Question 17

where do releasing hormones/factors and inhibiting hormones/factors act on?

Answer 17

anterior pituitary

Question 18

what are trophic hormones

Answer 18

hormones that stimulate a particular target organ or cell

Question 19

what does gonadotropin do?

Answer 19

stimulates gonads (testes and ovaries)

Question 20

wht does thyrotropin/TSH do?

Answer 20

stimulates thyroid gland

Question 21

what does ACTH do?

Answer 21

stimulates adrenal cortex

Question 22

how do tropic hormones interact with their target cell

Answer 22

membrane bound or cytoplasmic receptors

Question 23

where are membrane bound receptors located? who do they interact with?

Answer 23

cellular membrane and interact with protein type hormones

Question 24

where are cytoplasmic receptors located? who do they interact with?

Answer 24

cytoplasm of cell; interact with steroid hormones

Question 25

what forms the anterior pituitary lobe / adenohypophysis

Answer 25

pars tuberalis, distalis, and intermedia

Question 26

what forms the posterior pituitary lobe / neurohypophysis

Answer 26

infundibulum and pars nervosa

Question 27

what are the regulatory functions of hormones

Answer 27

electrolyte and water balance + storage and metabolism of nutrients

Question 28

what hormones are responsible for electrolyte and water balance

Answer 28

aldosterone and vasopressin

Question 29

what hormones are responsible for storage and metabolism of nutrients

Answer 29

insulin and cortisol

Question 30

what are the morphogenic functions of hormones

Answer 30

synthesis of cellular components, growth and development, sexual maturation and reproduction

Question 31

what hormones synthesize cellular components

Answer 31

thyroid hormone, catecholamines, and steroid hormones

Question 32

what hormones are responsible for growth and dev?

Answer 32

GH, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones

Question 33

what hormones are responsible for sex maturation and reproduction

Answer 33

gonadotropins, estrogen, testosterone, and HCG

Question 34

do water soluble proteins require a carrier protein to be transported through plasma? Are they biologically active?

Answer 34

no carrier protein; biologically active

Question 35

do water insoluble proteins require a carrier protein to be transported through plasma? Are they biologically active?

Answer 35

carrier protein needed; biologically inactive

Question 36

what type of hormones are anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 36

protein type

Question 37

tell me about protein type hormones

Answer 37

made of aa/peptides and are water soluble, short half life, polar molecules

Question 38

can protein type hormones diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 38

no; they need membrane bound receptors

Question 39

what are steriod hormones derived from

Answer 39

cholesterol

Question 40

tell me about steroid type hormones

Answer 40

not water soluble, physiologically active

Question 41

can steroid type hormones diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

where is estradiol made

Answer 42

ovary

Question 43

where is estriol made

Answer 43

placenta

Question 44

what are the aromatic amine hormones?

Answer 44

T3, T4, and catecholamines (EPI, NE, and DA)

Question 45

where are aromatic amine hormones derived from

Answer 45

tyrosine

Question 46

tell me about EPI

Answer 46

made in adrenal medulla, water soluble,action is immediate

Question 47

tell me about T3 and T4

Answer 47

made in thyroid, NOT water soluble, action is quick when released in target tissue

Question 48

how do membrane bound receptors regulate transcrpition?

Answer 48

intracellular signaling cascades

Question 49

how do intracellularreceptors regulate transcrpition?

Answer 49

bind response elements

Question 50

main regulators in endocrine sys?

Answer 50

hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 51

what happens as glucose increases in the plasma?

Answer 51

pancreas makes and secretes insulin

Question 52

what is the primary hormone control mechanism in the endocrine system?

Answer 52

negative feedback

Question 53

what 3 endocrine organs does neg feedback use

Answer 53

hypothalamus, pituitary, and organ/target cell

Question 54

where are hormones metabolized? excreted?

Answer 54

metabolized in liver and kidney; excreted in urine and feces

Question 55

how is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 55

neural system

Question 56

how is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 56

portal veins

Question 57

what does the hypothalamus produce and control the release of?

Answer 57

ADH, oxytocin, inhibiting and releasing hormones

Question 58

what controls the ANS

Answer 58

hypothalamus

Question 59

what does the posterior pituitary do

Answer 59

stores and releases ADH and oxytocin

Question 60

what does the anterior pituitary do

Answer 60

produces and secretes stimulating hormones

Question 61

How are hormone abnormalities classified

Answer 61

Degree of hormone stimulation and where the disorder originates