mechanisms, reagents and conditions

Question 1

alkane to haloalkane

Answer 1

free radical substitution
reagent: halogen
condition: UV light

Question 2

haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 2

nucleophilic substitution
reagent: NaOH
condition: warm, aqueous

Question 3

haloalkane to alkene

Answer 3

elimination
reagent: NaOH
condition: hot, in ethanol

Question 4

haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 4

nucleophilic substitution
reagent: KCN
condition: aqueous, in ethanol

Question 5

haloalkane to primary amine

Answer 5

nucleophilic substitution
reagent: NH₃
condition: excess NH₃

Question 6

alkene to alkane

Answer 6

catalytic hydrogenation
reagent: H₂
condition: Ni

Question 7

alkene to dibromoalkane

Answer 7

electrophilic addition
reagent: Br₂

Question 8

alkene to bromoalkane

Answer 8

electrophilic addition
reagent: HBr

Question 9

alkene to alkylhydrogensulfate

Answer 9

electrophilic addition
reagent: concentrated sulfuric acid

Question 10

alkylhydrogensulfate to alcohol

Answer 10

hydrolysis
reagent: water

Question 11

alkene to alcohol

Answer 11

direct hydration/electrophilic addition
reagent: steam
condition: concentrated sulfuric acid

Question 12

alcohol to alkene

Answer 12

dehydration/elimination
reagent: concentrated sulfuric acid

Question 13

primary alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 13

oxidation
reagent: acidified potassium dichromate
condition: distillation

Question 14

primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

Answer 14

oxidation
reagent: acidified potassium dichromate
condition: excess acidified potassium dichromate & reflux

Question 15

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 15

oxidation
reagent: acidified potassium dichromate
condition: reflux

Question 16

secondary alcohol to ketone

Answer 16

oxidation
reagent: acidified potassium dichromate
condition: reflux

Question 17

aldehyde/ketone to alcohol

Answer 17

reduction/nucleophilic addition
reagent: NaBH₄

Question 18

aldehyde/ketone to hydroxynitrile

Answer 18

nucleophilic addition
reagents: KCN and HCl

Question 19

acyl chloride/acid anhydride to carboxylic acid

Answer 19

nucleophilic addition-elimination
reagent: water

Question 20

acyl chloride/acid anhydride to ester

Answer 20

nucleophilic addition-elimination
reagent: alcohol

Question 21

acyl chloride/acid anhydride to amide

Answer 21

nucleophilic addition-elimination
reagent: ammonia

Question 22

acyl chloride/acid anhydride to N-substituted amide

Answer 22

nucleophilic addition-elimination
reagent: amine

Question 23

carboxylic acid to carboxylate salt

Answer 23

neutralisation
reagent: NaOH

Question 24

carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 24

esterification
reagent: alcohol
condition: conc. sulfuric acid

Question 25

ester to carboxylic acid + alcohol

Answer 25

acid hydrolysis reagent: water condition: conc. sulfuric acid

Question 26

ester to carboxylate salt + alcohol

Answer 26

base hydrolysis reagent: NaOH

Question 27

benzene to nitrobenzene

Answer 27

electrophilic substitution reagents: conc. sulfuric acid & conc. nitric acid

Question 28

benzene to phenylketone

Answer 28

electrophilic substitution reagents: acyl chloride condition: AlCl₃

Question 29

primary amine to secondary amine

Answer 29

nucleophilic substitution reagent: haloalkane

Question 30

secondary amine to tertiary amine

Answer 30

nucleophilic substitution reagent: haloalkane

Question 31

tertiary amine to quaternary ammonium salt

Answer 31

nucleophilic substitution reagent: haloalkane

Question 32

amine to alkylammonium salt

Answer 32

acid-base reagent: HCl

Question 33

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Answer 33

reduction reagents: Sn & conc. HCl

Question 34

nitrile to amine

Answer 34

reduction reagents: H₂ & Ni

Question 35

nitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 35

hydrolysis reagent: dilute HCl