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ANAT 392 - Meag > MEDIASTINUM AND HEART > Flashcards

MEDIASTINUM AND HEART Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

space in chest between two lungs

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the mediastinum

A

Superior and Inferior (Anterior, middle, posterior)

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3
Q

What does the anterior mediastinum contain

A

Thymus until age 25 after that just fat and loose connective tissue

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4
Q

Where is the middle mediastinum and what does it contain

A

space confined by fibrous pericardium. Contain heart and main blood vessels joining to heart

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5
Q

What forms the floor and roof of the mediastinum

A

floor - diaphragm

Roof - Superior thoracic aperture (manubrium, first rib, and T1)

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6
Q

What makes up the super thoracic aperture

A

manubrium, first rib, and T1

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7
Q

what does the superior mediastinum contrain

A
  • Trachea
  • esophagus
  • Arch of aorta
  • Brachio-cephalic veins
  • Thymus
  • Vagus nerves
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerves
  • Azygus vein
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Left pulmonary
  • Descending aorta
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8
Q

Where does the arch of aorta form

A

at level of T4-T5 vertebral disc

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9
Q

When does the aorta enter the posterior mediastinum

A

when it turns into the descending aorta

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10
Q

____ join to form inferior vena cava

A

brachiocephalic veins

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11
Q

Where does the vagus nerve sit in the inferior mediastinum

A

in the posterior part

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12
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve pass in the inferior mediastinum

A

Middle mediastinum

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13
Q

Where in the inferior mediastinum is the thymus sitting

A

anterior

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14
Q

what are the 3 branches off the aorta

A

Brachiochephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

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15
Q

what joins to form the brachiocephalic vein

A

Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

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16
Q

What does the posterior mediastinum contain

A
  • Descending aorta
  • Esophagus
  • Sympathetic chains (para-vertebral ganglia)
  • Azygus vein
  • Thoracic duct
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17
Q

What are the branches of the ascending aorta

A

the coronary braches

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18
Q

what are ganglion

A

clusters of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS

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19
Q

What are the nerves arising from the paravertebral ganglion and going towards the midline called

A

splanchnic

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20
Q

what does splanchnic mean

A

viscera

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21
Q

Which viscera do the splanchnic nerves supply

A

those in abdomen and below thorax

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22
Q

What are the sympathetic ganglion in the abdomen called

A

pre-vertebral ganglia

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23
Q

What is the name of vein travelling along the right side of the vertebral column

A

azygus

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24
Q

The azygus system is comprised of ___ azygus veins

A

3

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25
In which mediastinum area is the azygus vein found
the posterior mediastinum
26
Right intercostal veins drain into the ____ -
azygus vein
27
Left intercostal veins drain into ...
the accessory hemiazygus and hemiazygus veins and then into the azygus
28
Where does the accessory hemiazygus vein collect blood from
upper left thorax
29
Where does the hemiazygus vein collect blood from
lower left thorax
30
The azygus system eventually drains into.. t
the superior vena cava
31
What is the largest duct in the body
the thoracic duct
32
Where does the thoracic duct collect lymph from
the entire body except for the right upper limb, right half of head and neck, and the right half of chest
33
The right upper limb, right half of head and neck, and the right half of chest are drained by what
the right lymphatic duct
34
Where are the 4 angles of the heart located (surface anatomy)?
Upper right - 2nd intercostal space, 1 inch from sternum Upper left - 2nd intercostal space 2 inches from sternum Lower right - 5th intercostal space 1 inch from sternum Lower left - 5th intercostal space 3 inches from sternum
35
Heart is surrounded by ___ layers of connective tissue. what are they?
3 Fibrous layer Parietal serous pericardium Visceral serous layer
36
What is the function of the fibrous layer of connective tissue surrounding the heart? what is it made up of?
Made up of dense irregular connective tissue | Provides some mechanical protection
37
What does the pericardial cavity contain? where is it located?
Located between the visceral and parietal serous layers. Contains a few drops of serous fluid to decrease friction while the heart is beating
38
What is inflammation of the pericardium called?
pericarditis
39
what occurs to patients with pericarditis
the pericardium starts to produce too much fluid and rapidly fills entire pericardial cavity - building pressure to the point where it stops the heart from beating
40
What are the surfaces of the heart
Anterior or sternalcostal Right and left pulmonary surfaces Base Inferior or diaphragmatic surface
41
Where is the coronary sulcus
wrapping around heart separates atrium from ventricles
42
What does the coronary sulcus contain
coronary blood vessels (arteries and sinus)
43
The left coronary artery branches into...
the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery
44
Where do you find fossa ovalis and what is it?
on the right wall of atrium - opening between left and right atrium which closes shortly after birth
45
The ovalis fossa does not close in ___% of people
15
46
What is the coronary sinus
large vein that returns venous blood to the right atrium
47
papillary muscles arise from ____ and attach to _____
the walls of the ventricles and attach to short tendon like structures called corda tendinae
48
Corda tendinae attach to..
tricuspid or bicuspid valves
49
What is the function of the papillary muscles
Contract with rest of ventricles and prevent back flow into the atrium by preventing cusps from flipping over
50
What is special about the muscle fibres of the heart
some of them can generate and send impulses like neurons
51
Can the muscles which send nerve impulses still contract like typical myocardial cells
yes! but not as well as the others
52
What initiates electrical impulses in the heart
the sinoatrial node
53
The sinoatrial node passes electrical impulses to...
the atrial ventricular node
54
The atriaventricular node passes impulses through ____
the AV bundle
55
The AV bundle divides into...
two bundles of his
56
The bundles of his divide into smaller fibres called...
purkinje fibers
57
What is the path of the right coronary artery
From ascending aorta it travels along coronary sulcus wraps around right side and reaches inferior surface and continues in posterior interventricular groove at which point I becomes the posterior interventricular artery
58
How many branches does the right coronary artery have
13
59
When do the coronary arteries get blood flow? why?
in Diastole - When the heart is in systole leafles are open and are covering the coronary arteries. In diastole the leaflets are relaxed and blood can flow into the coronary arteries
60
Does the heart receive more or less blood during exercise? why?
Less - the heart has shorter diastole phases - therefore the coronary arteries are covered by the leaflets for a greater percentage of the time - this is why you should not exceed HR max for more than a few mins
61
In __% of the population the rights coronary artery is more important than the left
70 %
62
The small or lesser cardiac vein sits where?
on right margin of heart
63
The middle cardiac vein sits where?
in posterior interventricular groove
64
Where is the great cardiac vein located
in anterior interventricular groove
65
where does myocardial infarction normally refer pain to
to the chest and left arm
66
Sensory autonomic innervation of the heart return to ____
T1-T4 segments of spinal cord

ANAT 392 - Meag (18 decks)

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