THORACIC WALL & LUNGS

Question 1

The breast gland is a ___ gland

Answer 1

modified sweat gland - instead of producing sweat it not produces milk

Question 2

what are the three phases of the breast gland

Answer 2

Active phase
Resting phase
Menopause phase

Question 3

What occurs to breast tissue with age

Answer 3

most of it is replaced by fat post menopause and held together by suspensory ligaments

Question 4

Breast is imbedded in _____

Answer 4

superficial fascia

Question 5

What is the opening at the ends of nipples called

Answer 5

lactiferous duct

Question 6

How many lactiferous ducts are there in a nipple

Answer 6

~16-20

Question 7

Are the lobes of the breast releasing milk as one or independently ?

Answer 7

independently

Question 8

What are the two major blood vessels supplying breast tissue? which other one contributes?

Answer 8

lateral mammary branches of lateral thoracic, medial mammary arteries off of the internal thoracic artery,

and lateral mammary branches of lateral cutaneous branches of posterior intercostal arteries

Question 9

What is the route of the internal thoracic artery

Answer 9

Goes into thorax and descends behind ribs on either side of sternum

Question 10

What are the branches of the internal thoracic artery

Answer 10

Anterior intercostals
Sternal branches
Medial mammary artery

Question 11

What lymph nodes drain the breast tissue

Answer 11

Pectoral/anterior group and parasternal group

Question 12

Where do the external intercostals occupy? how do they run?

Answer 12

posterior 2/3 of intercostal space

Run anteriorly and inferiorly

Question 13

Where do the internal intercostals occupy? how do they run?

Answer 13

Anterior 2/3 of intercostal spaces

Fibres run posteriorly and inferiorly

Question 14

Where do the innermost intercostals occupy? how do they run?

Answer 14

occupy middle 1/3

Run posteriorly and inferiorly

Question 15

What is the function of the intercostals?

Answer 15

help in breathing during relaxed inhalation and force expiration. Ribs move up and extend

Question 16

What is the movement of the ribs during inhalation refered to as?

Answer 16

bucket handle movement

Question 17

What do you find in the intercostal groove? what order are they in?

Answer 17

Intercostal vein
Intercostal artery
Intercostal nerve

Question 18

The vessels of the intercostals are sandwiched between which structures?

Answer 18

The innermost and the internal intercostal muscles

Question 19

What are the collateral branches found in the intercostal space

Answer 19

have same function of intercostals nerves and vessels but found on superior edge of rib

Question 20

The intercostal nerves are a branch of what?

Answer 20

The spinal nerves for the corresponding thoracic spine

Question 21

Where the intercostal muscle fibres end they are replaced by what?

Answer 21

A layer of fascia which has the same name as the muscle

Question 22

What movement of the sternum result from contraction of the intercostal muscles and accessory respiratory muscles? Include its descriptive name

Answer 22

Pump handle movement of sternum

sternum is moving anteriorly and posteriorly

Question 23

What type of joint is between the rib and vertebrae? between the rib and sternum?

Answer 23

synovial planar
Synovial planar
Except for joint between 1st rib and manubrium is synchondrosus

Question 24

Where does the aortic hiatus sit?

Answer 24

level of T12

Question 25

All fibres of the diaphragm insert onto...

Answer 25

the central tendon

Question 26

What is the part of the diaphragm where the aorta passes through

Answer 26

Aortic hiatus

Question 27

What are the 3 parts of the diaphragm

Answer 27

The costal part The Lumbar part The sternal part The crural part

Question 28

What is the passage through the diaphragm for the vena cava called?

Answer 28

The caval hiatus

Question 29

At what spinal segment is caval hiatus located?

Answer 29

Level of T8

Question 30

At what spinal segment is the esophageal hiatus located?

Answer 30

T10

Question 31

What may occur if the crural fibres of the diaphragm do not develop?

Answer 31

Makes the person prone to esophageal or hiatal hernia.

Question 32

What is the curve in the lungs around the heart called

Answer 32

Costomediastinal recess

Question 33

What is the recess is the lateral corners of the thorax called

Answer 33

Cardiac notch or Costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 34

Apex of the lungs extends ~ ___ above the clavicle

Answer 34

1 inch

Question 35

At what rib do the inferior borders of the lungs sit?

Answer 35

Rib 6

Question 36

laterally the inferior border of the lung crosses at ___

Answer 36

rib 8

Question 37

Posteriorly the inferior border of the lung is at

Answer 37

rib 10

Question 38

In the right lung, what divides the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobes

Answer 38

the oblique fissure

Question 39

Each lobe has ___ segments

Answer 39

10

Question 40

Are the segments functionally independent from each other? explain

Answer 40

yes, they all have their own airway, lymph and blood supply

Question 41

What is the area called where the major structures are entering and leaving lungs

Answer 41

hilum

Question 42

What divides the superior and middle lobe in the right lung

Answer 42

the horizontal fissure

Question 43

What divides the superior and inferior lobes in the left lung

Answer 43

oblique fissure

Question 44

between what is the costodiaphragmatic recess formed

Answer 44

between two layers of parietal pleura

Question 45

The serous membrane produces ___

Answer 45

serous fluid

Question 46

what is the role of serous fluid

Answer 46

lubricates the surfaces and minimizes friction

Question 47

how many layers of pleura is there?

Answer 47

2

Question 48

whta is the space between the pleura called

Answer 48

pleural cavity

Question 49

What is the role of the pleural cavity

Answer 49

to facilitate expansion of lungs

Question 50

Why is the costodiaphragmatic recess important clinically

Answer 50

because it is the lowest part of the cavity in upright position, when someone has a toxin or fluid in their lungs you can drain it from here

Question 51

What are all branches of the bronchioles together referreed to as

Answer 51

The tracheal tree or bronchiole tree

Question 52

Why is it important to understand directions of different branches of bronchioles

Answer 52

when someone needs a PT to support them in postural drainage

Question 53

Right side has ___ lobar bronchi. Each lobar bronchi gives rise to ___ segmental branches

Answer 53

3 | 10

Question 54

Visceral pleura are supplied by same ______ which are supplying lung tissue itself

Answer 54

autonomic nerve fibres

Question 55

Parietal pleura is sensitized by ...

Answer 55

somatic sensory nerves: intercostal nerves and phrenic

Question 56

Pain of visceral pleura will present as...

Answer 56

dull unlocalized pain

Question 57

What occurs to pain when parietal layer is involved

Answer 57

the nature of the pain changes - becomes sharp highly localized pain