Memory Flashcards
(25 cards)
Coding (Baddley):
() Acoustically similar / dissimilar
() Semantically similar / dissimilar
() Asked to recall
() STM lead to worse acoustic recall
() LTM lead to worse semantic recall
Jacobs:
() Digit span: Read digits and asked people to recall
() Mean digit: 9.3
() Mean letters: 7.3
Miller:
() Noticed things come in 7s
() 7 +/- 2
() Chunking
Duration STM (Peterson and Peterson):
() 24 participants given CONONANT SYLLABLE
() Count backwards to prevent MENTAL REHEARSAL
() After 3s: 80%
() After 18s: 3%
Duration of LTM (Bahrick):
() 392 participants
() between 17 and 74
() Photo-recognition: 15 years: 90%, 48 years 70%.
() Free-recall of names: 15 years: 60%, 48 years: 30%
MSM Sensory register:
() Modality-free (depends on the sense)
() INCONIC MEMORY, ECHOIC MEMORY
() Less than 0.5s duration
() High capacity (hundreds of millions of cells in eye)
MSM STM:
() Acoustic coding
() Capacity research
() PROLONGED REHEARSAL
() Maintenance rehearsal used to pass into LTM
MSM LTM
() Semantic coding
() Unlimited duration
() Retrieval
Types of LTM (Tulving)
Episodic memory:
() TIME STAMPED
() Several elements
() Conscious effort
Semantic:
() Not time-stamped
() Less vulnerable to distortion
Procedural:
() Not time-stamped
() Actions and skills
WMM
() Specific to STM
() Baddeley and Hitch
() Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
Central executive:
() SUPERVISORY role
() Allocates slave systems
() Does not store information
Phonological Loop
() Acoustic coding
() Phonological store: Words you hear
() Articulatory process: Allows MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL through a loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad:
() Visual coding
() Visual Cache: Visual data
() Inner scribe: Arrangement of objects
Episodic Buffer
() Modality free
() Integrate other stores
() Sense of TIME SEQUENCING
() Links to LTM
Interference theory
() LTM storage is permanent we just cant access it
() Proactive: Old interferes with new. ON
() Retroactive: New interferes with old. NO
Interference theory Research
McGeoch and Macdonald
() 6 groups had to learn list to 100 acc
() Then had to learn new list
() Synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, CONSONANT SYLLABLES, 3-digit numbers
() Control group: No new list
Findings:
() Most similar (Synonyms) produced worst recall
Retrieval Faliure:
() Due to absence of cues cant access memory
() Encoding specificity principle
() Context-Dependent Forgetting Godden and Baddeley
() State-Dependent Forgetting Carter and Cassaday
Retrieval Faliure Context Dependent Research:
() Investigated divers training program
() 40% lower in non-matching conditions
State Dependent Research
() Antihistamines
() Mismatch significantly worse
EWT: Misleading info
() Leading questions
() Explanation
() Post-event discussion
() Explanation
Research on leading questions (Loftus and Palmer)
() 45 participants
() Asked them questions
() CRITICAL QUESTION: “How fast were the cars going when they ___ each other”
() “Hit”, “contacted”, “bumped”, “collided”, “smashed”
() MEAN speed: “Contacted”: 31.8, “Smashed”: 40.5
Explanations:
() RESPONSE-BIAS EXPLAINATION: Memory was not changed
() SUBSTITUTION EXPLAINATION: Memory substituted
Research on post-event discussion (Gabbert)
() Students watched same video from different POV, different aspects seen
() Post-event discussion in pairs
() 71% reported info they hadn’t seen
Explanations:
MEMORY CONTAMINATION: Memories become distorted
MEMORY CONFORMITY: For social approval
Negative Study (Johnscon and Scott)
() Participants believed it was a LAB STUDY
() Blood: 33% Grease: 49%
() TUNNEL THEORY says WEAPON FOCUS EFFECT lead to poor recall
Positive Study (Yuille and Cutshall)
() Shooting in Vancouver
() 13 witnesses
() Interviewed after 5 months then compared with police interview
() More stressed vs less stressed: 88% vs 75%
