Psychopathology

Question 1

Statistical Infrequency

Answer 1

() Statistic about “usual” behaviour
() Characteristics that can be reliably measured
() IQ: NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
() INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY DISORDER

Question 2

Deviation from social norms

Answer 2

() What is “acceptable” to society
() Specific to the culture we live in: Example homosexuality
() Example: Antisocial personality disorder: Impulsive, aggressive, irresponsible
() DSM-5: “Absence of PROSOCIAL internal standards”

Question 3

Failure to function adequately:

Answer 3

() Not able to maintain basic standards of living
() Hygiene, nutrition, jobs, relationships
() Criteria: Severe distress, irrational dangerous behaviour, Does not conform to interpersonal rules
() Example: Intellectual disability disorder

Question 4

Deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 4

() We SELF-ACTUALISE
() We have good self-esteem
() Realistic view of the world
() Independent of other people
() Rational and can perceive ourselves accurately

Question 5

Phobias

Answer 5

Categories:
() Specific phobia
() Social anxiety
() Agoraphobia

Behavioural characteristics:
() Panic
() Avoidance
() Endurance

Emotional characteristics:
() Anxiety
() Fear
() Unreasonable emotional response

Cognitive Characteristics:
() Selective attention
() Irrational Beliefs
() Cognitive distortions

Question 6

Behavioural approach to explaining phobias

Answer 6

() Two process model
() Acquisition: Classical conditioning
() Maintenance: Operant conditioning

Question 7

Behavioural approach to explaining phobias conditioning

Answer 7

Classical conditioning:
() Watson and Rayner: Little Albert: Banged iron bar close to ear with white rat
() GENERALISED: Santa beard, non-white rabbit

Operant conditioning:
() Negative reinforcement: Avoiding the undesirable
() Avoidance behaviour is reinforced

Question 8

Systematic Desensitisation

Answer 8

() BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY
() COUNTERCONDITIONING: Learn new response (relaxation)
() Anxiety hierarchy
() RECIPROCAL INHIBITION: Impossible to feel both at same time
() Exposure: Exposed up the list

Question 9

Flooding

Answer 9

() 2-3 hours per session
() One session needed
() EXTINCTION: What happens when client learns its harmless
() Conditioned stimulus is encountered without unconditioned stimulus
() INFORMED-CONCENT: This is much needed

Question 10

Depression

Answer 10

Categories:
() Major depressive disorder
() Persistent depressive disorder
() Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: Childhood temper tantrums
() Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Behavioural characteristics:
() Activity levels
() Disruption to sleep
() Aggression and self-harm

Emotional Characteristics:
() Lowered mood
() Anger
() Lowered self-esteem

Cognitive Characteristics:
() Poor concentration
() Dwelling on negative
() Absolutist thinking

Question 11

Cognitive approach to explaining depression Becks

Answer 11

Becks negative triad:
() Persons conditions create cognitive vulnerability to depression
() Faulty information processing
() Negative self-schema
() Negative triad: World, future, self

Question 12

Cognitive approach to explaining depression Ellis’s ABC Model

Answer 12

() Wellbeing is due to RATIONAL THINKING
() Activating event
() Beliefs: MUSTERBATION (Perfectionism), UTOPIANISM (Life is always meant to be fair), I-cant-stand-it-it is (Major disaster)
() Consequences: Depression

Question 13

Cognitive Treating Depression:

Answer 13

CBT:
() Cognitive change leads to different behaviours

Question 14

Cognitive Treating Depression Becks

Answer 14

() Identify and challenge NEGATIVE TRIAD
() Set homework (Records)
() Client as scientist

Question 15

Cognitive Treating Depression REBT

Answer 15

() D – Dispute
() E – Effect
() Vigorous argument
() Empirical argument
() Logical argument

Question 16

OCD

Answer 16

Types:
() OCD
() Trichotillomania – hair pulling
() Hoarding disorder
() Excoriation disorder – skin picking

Behavioural:
() Repetitive compulsions
() Compulsions reduce anxiety
() Avoidance (of things that trigger OCD)

Emotional characteristics:
() Anxiety and distress
() Depression
() Disgust and guilt

Cognitive Characteristics:
() Obsessive thoughts
() Cognitive coping strategies
() Insight that its not real

Question 17

Biological Explaining OCD:

Answer 17

() Genetic
() Neural

Question 18

Biological Explaining OCD Genetic

Answer 18

() Lewis: 37% parents, 21% siblings
() GENETIC VUNERABILITY
() DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL
() 5HT1-D: Transports serotonin
() Polygenetic: Taylor: 230 different genes
() Of those, many associated with dopamine and serotonin
() AETIOLOGICALLY HETEROGENEOUS – different genes for different people cause OCD

Question 19

Biological Explaining OCD Neural Explanations

Answer 19

() Reduction of serotonin: NEUROTRANSMITTER
() Abnormal functioning of FRONTAL LOBE: Hoarding disorder
() Left Parahippocampal gyrus: Processing unpleasant emotions

Question 20

Biological Treating OCD

Answer 20

() SSRIs
() Tricyclics
() SNRIs

Question 21

SSRIs

Answer 21

() ANTIDEPRESSANT
() SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR
() Serotonin released by PRESYNAPTIC NEURON
() Signal conveyed to the POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON
() Serotonin is then reabsorbed
() Dosage of fluoxetine: 20mg

Question 22

SSRIs Alternatives

Answer 22

() Tricyclics: Clomipramine, same effect but severe side effects
() SNRIs: increase serotonin and noradrenaline