Messer 801 Notes Flashcards
1
Q
BIOS
A
Basic Input/Output System
2
Q
What is the BIOS?
A
A computer’s firmware (software) that facilitates the communication between the computer’s hardware and Operating System
3
Q
What can you do with the BIOS?
A
Configure boot order
Enable/Disable system components
Enable/Disable system features (e.g., system password)
Edit hardware settings
4
Q
Where are the BIOS settings stored?
A
On the CMOS chip
5
Q
CMOS
A
Complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor
6
Q
How is the CMOS configuration maintained?
A
With a battery on the motherboard. This battery maintains the integrity of the data should the computer lose power.
7
Q
What are the main types of motherboard form factors?
A
ATX
microATX
ITX form-factor
8
Q
ATX
A
Advanced Technology extended;
Standardized by Intel in 1995
9
Q
microATX
A
Small form factor
Backward compatibility with similar mounting points and power connections as a full-size ATX motherboard
10
Q
ITX form factor
A
Mini-ITX. Pico-ITX, Nano-ITX, Mobile-ITX
Various small form factor sizes
11
Q
PCI
A
Peripheral Component Interconnect
Legacy expansion slot
Speeds: 133 MB/s to 533 MB/s
12
Q
PCI-X
A
PCI Extended
Designed for servers
1,064 MB/s throughput
13
Q
PCIe
A
PCI Express
Serial communication - 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x lanes
High performance for devices like high-end graphics adapters
Speeds from 250 MB/s to 2 GB/s
14
Q
AGP
A
Accelerated Graphics Port Covers the gap between PCI and PCIe AGP 1x - 266 MB/s AGP 2x - 522 MB/s AGP 4x - 1.07 GB/s AGP 8x - 2.1 GB/s
15
Q
Types of custom workstations
A
Graphics/CAD/CAM Audio/Video editing Virtualization Workstation Gaming PC Home Theater PC Standard Think Client This Client
16
Q
Graphics/CAD/CAM
A
Processor, Video, and RAM
Maximum RAM
17
Q
Audio/Video editing
A
Video, and storage
Fast storage and dual displays
18
Q
Virtualization Workstations
A
Processor and RAM
Maximum CPU and RAM
19
Q
Gaming PC
A
Processor, Video, and Audio
High-end cooling
20
Q
Home Theater PC
A
Video, Audio
HDMI, surround sound, TV tuner
21
Q
Standard thick client
A
Recommended Windows requirements
22
Q
Thin client
A
Basic applications
23
Q
Northbridge
A
- Manages the connection between the CPU and memory
- Connect high-end graphics (AGP or PCI Express)
- Integrated into newer CPUs, including processor cores, memory controller, and the GPU
24
Q
Southbridge
A
- Relatively slower connections than the Northbridge
* USB, Ethernet, PATA, SATA, etc.
25
SIMM
* Single In-Line Memory Module
* 72-pins
* Electrical pins are the same on both sides
26
RIMM
* Rambus In-Line Memory Module
* 184-pin
* Proprietary
* Every slot must be filled with a Continuity and Termination RIMM (CT-RIMM)
27
DIMM
* Dual In-Line Memory Module
* Electrical contacts are different on each side
* SDRAM - 168 pins
* DDR SDRAM - 184 pins
* DDR2 and DDR3 SDRAM - 240 pins
28
SO-DIMM
* Small Outline DIMM
* Laptops and mobile devices
* DDR and DDR2 SDRAM - 200 pins
* DDR3 SDRAM - 204 pins
29
ROM
Read only memory
| Cannot be changed or erased
30
PROM
Programmable read only memory
| Write once
31
EPROM
Erasable Programmable Read only memory
| Write/erase/write again
32
EEPROM
Electrically Erasable PROM
| Flash memory
33
SRAM
Static RAM
Maintains data without constant refreshing
Very fast and expensive
Used often for processor caches
34
DRAM
Dynamic RAM
| Requires constant refreshing to maintain data
35
SDRAM
Synchronous Dynamic RAM
| Synchronous with the system clock
36
DDR
Double Data Rate SDRAM
Twice the data rate of SDRAM
Used often in processor caches
37
DDR2
Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM
| 2x the bus clock multiplier of DDR
38
DDR3
Double Data Rate 3 SDRAM
| 4x the bus clock multiplier of DDR
39
Parity memory
Additional parity bit for error detection for single bit errors
Cannot repair the errors
40
Error Correction Code
ECC
Detects errors and corrects them on the fly
Ideal and typically used in server machines
Too expensive and impractical for standard workstations
41
Multi-channel memory
DDR RAM
Installed in pairs or trios for maximum throughput
Memory channels have identical colors
42
Steps to install expansion card
1. Check motherboard documentation for types and number of slots
2. Check adapter card documentation for software and hardware requirements
3. Use ESD strap, anti-static bag, and other ESD precautions
4. Confirm driver installation through Windows Device Manager
(May need to download the driver from the manufacturer's website)
43
CD
700 MB
44
DVD
Single layer - 4.7 GB
| Dual layer - 8.5 GB
45
Blu-ray
Single layer - 25 GB
| Dual layer - 50 GB
46
ROM
Read only memory
| Cannot write to media
47
RW
Read/Write
| Used for backups
48
RAID 0
Striping
Splits data across 2 drives
Fast writing but no redundancy
Minimum of 2 drives required
49
RAID 1
Mirroring
Data is duplicated across drives
Slow write speeds but complete redundancy
Minimum of 2 drives required
50
RAID 5
Striping with Parity
Data is striped with parity
Efficient use of disk space and good redundancy
Minimum of 3 drives
51
RAID 1 + 0
Striped file blocks across mirrored drives
High disk utilization and high redundancy
Minimum of 4 drives required
52
Socket T
```
Intel
775 pins
LGA
Later Pentium 4s ad Core 2
DDR2/DDR3
```
53
Socket B
```
Intel
1,366 pins
LGA
Core i7
DDR3 (triple channel)
```
54
Socket H
```
Intel
1,156 pins
LGA
Core i3/i5/i7 (Nehalem)
DDR3 (Dual channel)
```
55
Socket H2
```
Intel
1,155 pins
LGA
Core i3/i5/i7 (Sandy Bridge)
DDR3 (Dual channel)
```
56
Socket 940
```
AMD
940 pins
PGA
Athlon 64 FX
DDR (dual channel)
```
57
Socket AM2/AM2+
```
AMD
940 pins
PGA
Athlon 64 (FX, X2)/ Phenom Xx
DDR2 (dual channel)
```
58
Socket F
```
AMD
1,207 pins
LGA
Athlon 64 FX
DDR2 (dual channel)
```
59
Socket AM3
```
AMD
941 pins
PGA
Athlon II/Phenom II
DDR2/DDR3 (dual channel)
```
60
Socket AM3+
```
AMD
942 pins
PGA
Athlon II/Phenom II
DDR2/DDR3 (dual channel)
```
61
Socket FM1
```
AMD
905 pins
PGA
A Series/Athlon II
DDR3 (Dual channel)
```
62
Maximum number of devices for USB
127
63
USB 1.0/1.1
Low speed: 1.5 Mbps, 3 meters
| High speed: 12 Mbps, 5 meters
64
USB 2.0
480 Mbps, 5 meters
65
USB 3.0
4.8 Gbps, 3 meters
66
802.11a
5 GHz, 54 Mbps, 120 meters
67
802.11b
2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps, 140 meters
68
802.11g
2.4 GHz, 54 Mbps, 140 meters
69
802.11n
5/2.4 GHz, 600 Mbps, 250 meters
70
IEEE 1394a
Firewire 400
100, 200, and 400 Mbps half duplex
4.5 meters (15 feet), 72 meters max
71
IEEE 1394b
Firewire 800
800 Mbps full duplex
Optical connections - 100 meters max
72
IrDA
Infrared
4 Mbps
Line of site, 1 meter
73
Bluetooth
Version 2.0 + EDR, 3 Mbps
10 meters for Class 2 devices
1 meter for Class 3 devices
74
PATA
```
Length: 18"/45 cm
Ultra ATA/33: 33 MBps
Ultra ATA/66: 66 MBps
Ultra ATA/100: 100 MBps
Ultra ATA/133: 133 MBps
```
75
SATA
Revision 1: 1.5 Gbps, 1 meter
Revision 2: 3.0 Gbps, 1 meter
Revision 3: 6.0 Gbps, 1 meter
76
eSATA
Matches the associated SATA Revision
| 2 meters
77
Network Cable A
| TIA/EIA 568A
```
Green/White
Green
Orange/White
Blue
Blue/White
Orange
Brown/White
Brown
```
78
Network Cable B
| TIA/EIA 568B
```
Orange/White
Orange
Green/White
Blue
Blue/White
Green
Brown/White
Brown
```
79
Multi-mode Fiber
Short range communication, 2 km
Multiple modes of light
Data, Audio/Video
80
Single-mode Fiber
Long range communication
Single mode of light
Long distance, high-bandwidth runs
81
Twisted Pair
Copper cabling
STP - Shielded
UTP - Unshielded
Plenum-rated cable (fire-resistant jacket)
82
Coaxial Cable
Older Ethernet networks (RG-8/U)
Broadband Internet (RG-56)
Short-distance video (RG-59)
83
IPv4 Addressing
192.168.1.131
11000000.10101000.00000001.10000011
4 octets, 32-bit/4 byte address
84
IPv6 Addressing
128 bit address
85
RFC 1918 Private Addresses
Used on private networks
| Not routable over the internet
86
APIPA
Automatic Private IP Addressing
Automatically assigned addresses
169.254.1.0 through 169.254.254.255
Typically assigned when the machine cannot connect with the DHCP server to get an address
87
Class A addresses
1-126.x.x.x
128 networks
16,777,214 hosts per network
Subnet mask: 255.0.0.0
88
Class B addresses
128-191.x.x.x
16,384 networks
65,534 hosts on network
Subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
89
Class C addresses
192-223.x.x.x
2,097,152 networks
254 hosts on network
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
90
Class A private address
```
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
16,777,216 addresses
Single class
CIDR block: 10.0.0.0/8 (255.0.0.0)
Host ID: 24 bits
```
91
Class B private addresses
```
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
1,048,576 addresses
16 contiguous class Bs
CIDR block: 172.16.0.0/12 (255.240.0.0)
Host ID: 20 bits
```
92
Class C private addresses
```
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
65,536 addresses
256 contiguous classCs
CIDR block: 192.168.0.0/16 (255.255.0.0)
Host ID: 16 bits
```
93
Port tcp/20
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) data
94
Port tcp/21
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Control
95
Port tcp/23
Telnet
96
Port tcp/25
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
97
Port tcp/53
DNS (Domain Name Services) zone transfers
98
Port tcp/80
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) web browsing
99
Port tcp/110
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)
100
Port tcp/153
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
101
Port tcp/443
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
102
Port tcp/3389
RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)
103
Port udp/53
DNS (Domain Name Services) queries
104
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Automatic IP addressing
105
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Network directory
106
DNS
Domain Name Services - Map a name to an IP address
107
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol - Manage devices
108
SMB
Server Message Block - Windows file and printer sharing
109
SSH
Secure Shell - Encrypted terminal session
110
SFTP
Secure FTP over SSH - Encrypted file transfers
111
WEP
Wired Equivalent Privacy
64-bit or 128-bit key size
Vulnerable
112
WPA
Wi-Fi Protected Access
RC4 cipher as a TKIP
Vulnerabilities exist
113
WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access
CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol)
Replaced RC4 with AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)
114
LAN
Local Area Network
| A building nor group of buildings
115
WAN
Wide Area Network
| Spanning the globe
116
PAN
Personal Area Network
Bluetooth, WiFi
Automobile, mobile phone, health telemetry
117
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
| Contained in a regional area
118
Hub
OSI Layer 1 - Multi-port repeater
| Traffic is broadcast to all ports and the intended device picks up the packets
119
Switch
OSI Layer 2 - Multi-port bridge
| Forwards traffic based on data link address
120
Router
OSI Layer 3
| Forwards traffic based on network address
121
WAP
Wireless Access Point
| Bridges from wired network to wireless
122
Modem
Modulator/Demodulator
| Converts analog sounds to digital signals
123
NAS
Network Attached Storage
| High-speed storage connected to the network
124
Firewall
Filters traffic by IP, port number, or application
125
Crimper
"Pinches" the connector onto the wire, the final step of cable installation
126
Multimeter
Measures voltage, current, resistance, Check AC/DC voltage, cable continuity
127
Toner Probe
Find a specific wire
| 2 pieces: tone generator and inductive probe
128
Cable tester
Measure the quality of a cable installation
| Near end crosstalk, attenuation, etc.
129
Loopback plug
Used for diagnostics and troubleshooting
| Determine if a received signal is the same as the sent signal
130
Punch-down tool
Forces wires into a wiring block
| Trims the wires and breaks the insulation
131
PCMCIA
Type I: 3.3 mm
Type II: 5.5 mm
Type III: 10.5 mm
56 mm x 84 mm
132
ExpressCard
34 mm and 54 mm wide
54 mm slot accepts both card types
Hot swappable
133
SO-DIMM
Small Outline Dual in-line Memory Module
RAM upgrade
Not hot swappable
134
Flash memory
USB connected
Used for additional storage
Windows ReadyBoost to use as virtual memory
135
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display
Low power consumption
Lightweight
Requires a separate backlight (CCFL, LED)
136
OLED
```
Organic Light Emitting Diode
Chemicals that emit light - no backlight required
Thin and flexible
Very little power consumption
Expensive
```
137
Wi-Fi Antennas
Wrap around the laptop screen
WiFi main and aux antenna
Bluetooth antenna
138
Backlight and Inverter
Flourescent lamp shines through LCD to provide light
| Inverter converts DC power to AC
139
Laser Printing Process
1. Processing
2. Charging
3. Exposing
4. Developing
5. Transferring
6. Fusing
7. Cleaning
140
Step 1. Processing
Build the entire page in memory
141
Step 2. Charging
Prepare the drum with a negative electrostatic charge
142
Step 3. Exposing
Write the image with the laser
143
Step 4. Developing
Add toner to the charges areas of the imaging drum
144
Step 5. Transferring
Move the toner from the drum to the paper
145
Step 6. Fusing
Heat and pressure to fuse the toner to the paper
146
Step 7. Cleaning
Remove excess toner
147
Laser printer
Prints using heat and pressure to melt toner pellets onto the page
148
Inkjet printer
Prints with very fine drops of ink
149
Thermal printer
Applies heat to thermocromic paper to print directly (Thermal Direct) or to transfer ink from a ribbon (Thermal Transfer)
150
Impact printer
Printer head strikes a ribbon and the paper
