Microbiology

Question 1

What is conjunctivitis

Answer 1

inflammation of the conjunctivia

Question 2

What is keratitis

Answer 2

corneal inflammation

Question 3

What describes inflammation of the entire globe

Answer 3

endophthalmitis

Question 4

what commonly causes bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates

Answer 4

staph aureus
neisseria gonorrhaeae
chlamydia thrachomatis

Question 5

How should all cases of neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis be dealt with

Answer 5

refer to opthalmology

Question 6

What are common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in general

Answer 6

staph aureus
strep pneumoniae
h,influenzae

Question 7

What tends to cause conjunctivitis in children

Answer 7

h. influenzae

Question 8

What is the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 8

Swab

topical antibiotics vie drop or ointment

Question 9

What topical antibiotic is used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis and how often is it administered

Answer 9

chloramphenical

four times daily

Question 10

What group of patients should chloramphenicol be avoided in

Answer 10

aplastic anaemia

Question 11

What is the most common contaminatnt of a topical antibiotic bottle

Answer 11

pseudomonas

Question 12

What causes conjunctivitis in contact lense wearers

Answer 12

acanthamoeba

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 13

Name three causes of viral conjunctivitis

Answer 13

adenovirus
herpes simplex
herpes zoster

Question 14

What does adenovirus conjunctivitis usually present with

Answer 14

chemosis
lip oedema
palpable pre auricular lymph node

Question 15

What type of conjunctivitis ishould be suspected in young people with bilateral conjunctivitis

Answer 15

chlamydial

usually more chronic history

Question 16

What is caused by chlamydial conjuncticitis

Answer 16

subtarsal scarring

Question 17

what is often associated with a bacterial keratititis

Answer 17

hypopyon

Question 18

how is bacterial keratitis managed

Answer 18

Need admission for hourly drops
Daily review
Usually in association with other corneal pathology or contact lens wear

Question 19

what causes viral keratitis

Answer 19

herpes

adenovirus

Question 20

what forms in herpetic keratis

Answer 20

dendritic ulcer

Question 21

why should you not treat herpetic keratitis with steroids

Answer 21

corneal melt and perforation of the cornea will occur

Question 22

what is important about adenovirus keratitis/conjunctivitis

Answer 22

it is contagious

Question 23

What other eye infections can result in a hypopyon

Answer 23

fungal

Question 24

what is the history usually like for fungal keratitis

Answer 24

trauma from vegetation

Question 25

What are the symptoms of orbital cellulitis

Answer 25

painful particularly when moving the eye proptosis paranasal sinusiits pyrexia

Question 26

What scan should be done in patients with orbital cellulitis and why

Answer 26

CT scan to identify orbital abscesses

Question 27

what causes orbital cellulitis

Answer 27

``` staph strep coliforms haemophilus influenzae anaerobes ```

Question 28

when can endopthalmitis occur

Answer 28

post surgery or can be endogenous

Question 29

What are the symptoms of endopthalmitis

Answer 29

very very painful red eye decreasing vision sight threatening

Question 30

what organisms usually cause endopthalmitis

Answer 30

commensals | most common is Staph epidermidis

Question 31

what is the treatment of endopthalmitis

Answer 31

intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin | plus topical antibiotics

Question 32

What causes chorioretinitis

Answer 32

``` CMV in AIDs Toxoplasma gondii (protazoan) Toxocara canis (worm) (parasite) ```

Question 33

How are keratitis diagnosed

Answer 33

corneal scrapes

Question 34

How is endopthalmitis diagnosed

Answer 34

aqueous/vitreous humour for cultur

Question 35

When is microscopy used

Answer 35

acanthamoeba

Question 36

When is serology used

Answer 36

toxoplasma and toxocara

Question 37

what three drugs can treat bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 37

chloramphenicol fusidic acid gentamicin

Question 38

what bacteria cannot be treated by chloramphenicol and what should be used instead

Answer 38

pseudomonas | treat with gentamicin (gram negatives)

Question 39

what do you give for chlamydial conjunctivitis

Answer 39

topical oxytetracycline | adults need azithromycin for genital chlamydia infection

Question 40

what do you give for herpetic conjunctivits

Answer 40

topical or oral antivirals (aciclovir)

Question 41

how do you treat bacterial keratiis

Answer 41

either a 4 quinolone (ofloxacin) | or gentamicin and cefuroxime

Question 42

what bacteria does ofloxaxin treat

Answer 42

most gram negatives but NOT strep pneumoniae

Question 43

what will gentamycin and cefuroxime treat

Answer 43

most gram positive and gram negativ organisms

Question 44

what is dacrocystitis

Answer 44

inflammation of the lacrimal sac