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Opthalmology > Vision Loss > Flashcards

Flashcards in Vision Loss Deck (35)
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1
Q

Give causes of sudden visual loss

A
vascualr
retinal detachment
ARMD- wet type
closed angle glaucoma
optic neuritis
stroke
2
Q

What are the symptoms of centrlal retinal artery occlusion

A

sudden visual loss
profound
painless

3
Q

What are the signs of CRAO

A

RAPD

pale oedematous retina, thread like retinal vessels

4
Q

What are the causes of CRAO and which is most common

A

carotid artery disease - most common

emboli from heart

5
Q

How are CRAO patients managed

A

if presents within 24 hrs- ocular massage
carotid dopples
assess and manage risk factors

6
Q

What is amaurosis fugax

A

a transient CRAO

7
Q

What are the symptoms of a tranient CRAO

A

painless visual loss like a curtain coming down
lasts less than five minutes with a full recovery
usually no abnormal examination findings

8
Q

How should transient CRAO patients be managed

A

refer to TIA clinic

aspirin

9
Q

What are the systemic and ocular causes of central retinal vein occlusion

A

Systemic= virchow’s traid - atherosclerosis, hypertension and hyperviscosity
Ocular causes= reaised intra occular pressure (venous stasis)

10
Q

What are the symptoms of central retinal vein occlusion

A

sudden vision loss

moderate to sever visual loss

11
Q

What are the sings of crvo

A

retinal haemorrhages
dilated tortuous veins
disc swelling and macular swelling

12
Q

What is ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

pcclusion of the optic nerve hear circulation ie occlusion of the posterior ciliary arteries resulting in infarction of the optic nerve head

13
Q

What are the two types of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

arteriritc - inflammation
non arteritic- atherosclerosis

Both cause sudden profound vision loss with a swollen disc

14
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

Giant cell arteritis- medium to large sized arteries become inflammed and lumen of arteries becomes occlued (PCA) resulting in vision loss due to ischaemia of the optic nerve head

15
Q

What are the visual symptoms of arteritic ischaemic neuropathy

A

sudden vision loss
profound blindness
irreversible blindness

16
Q

What are the sympotms of giant cell temporal arteritis

A
headache
jaw claudication
scalp tenderness
tender enlarged scalp arteries 
amayrosis fugax
malaise
high ESR, PV and CRP
biopsy for diagnosis
17
Q

How can you prevent bilateral blindness in a patient with arteritic ischaemic neuropathy due to giant cell arthertisi

A

immediate steroids

18
Q

What can give you a vitreous haemorrhage

A

bleeding from abnormal vessels eg retinal vein occlusion or diabetic retinopathy
Bleeding occurs from retinal vessels eg with a retinal tear

19
Q

What are the symptoms of a vitrous haemorrhage

A

loss of vision

floaters

20
Q

What are the signs of vitreous haemorrhage

A

loss of red reflex

No RAPD

21
Q

What are symptoms of retinal detachment

A

painless loss of vision

sudden onset of flashes/floaters

22
Q

What signs may be present in retinal detachment

A

RAPD

tear on opthalmoscopy

23
Q

What are the two types of ARMD

A

dry (gradual vision loss)

wet (sudden)

24
Q

What is wet ARMD

A

new blood vessels grow under retina - leakage causes build up of fluid/blood and eventually scarring

25
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of wet ARMD

A

rapid central visual loss
distortion (metmorphosia)
sign- haemorrhage/exudate

26
Q

How is wet ARMD treated

A

anti VEGF treatment - prevent new blood vessels growing

27
Q

Give the causes of gradual vision loss

A
Cataract
ARMD (dry)
Refreactive error
Diabetic retinopathy
Inherited disease eg retinitis pigmentos
Glaucoma
Acces to eye clinic Non urgert
'CARDIGAN'
28
Q

Name some causes of cataractd

A
age
congenital
traumatic
diabetes
drug induced (steroids)
29
Q

What is the treatment of cataracts

A

management is surgical removal with intra ocular lens implat if patient is symptomatic

30
Q

What are the symptoms of dry ARMD

A

gradual decline in vision

central vision missing

31
Q

What are the signs of Dry ARMD

A

drusen- build up of waste products below retinal pigment epithelium
RPE changes- atrophy/hyperplasia

32
Q

What is short sighted

A

myopia

33
Q

What is long sighted

A

hypermetropia

34
Q

What is an astigmatism

A

irregular corneal curvature

35
Q

What is presbyopia

A

loss of accommodation with aging