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Opthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Pharmacology Deck (30)
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1
Q

What is the epithelium

A

hydrophobic/lipophilic

2
Q

What is the stoma

A

hydrophillic/lipophobic

3
Q

What drugs penetrate the epithelium

A

lipid soluble

4
Q

What drugs penetrate the stoma

A

water soluble

5
Q

name a drug which has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties

A

chloramphenicol

6
Q

What can reduce the hydrophobic nature of the epithelium

A

ocular inflammation

7
Q

What makes steroids more hydrophobic

A

alcohol or acetate

8
Q

what makes steroids more hydrophilic

A

phosphate

9
Q

What drug will penetrate the uninflammed cornea well

A

prednisoline acetate - hydrophobic so penetrates epithelium well
used post operatively

10
Q

What steroid will now penetrate the uninflammed cornea and why

A

prednisolone phosphate because it is hydrophilic

used in corneal disease or when a low dose steroid is required

11
Q

What drug can aid the corneal penetration of some drugs

A

benzalkonium

12
Q

What drug is used to lower IOP in glaucoma

A

bimatoprost

13
Q

how does chloramphenicol work

A

stops bacterial protein being made by inhibiting peptidyl transferase enzyme
bacteriocidal for strep and haemophilus
bacteriostatic for staph

14
Q

what are the side effects of choramphenicol

A

allergy
aplastic anaemia
grey baby syndrome

15
Q

what antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

quinolones eg ofloxacin

16
Q

What antibiotics inhibit cell wal synthesos

A

penicillins and cephalosporins

17
Q

how does zovirax work and when is it used

A

inhibits viral DNA synthesis

used for dendritic ulcers in viral keratitis

18
Q

When are steroids used

A

post op cataracts
uveitis
to prevent rejection of corneal graft

19
Q

Name some medication used to treat glaucoma

A

prostanoids eg latanoprots
Beta blockers eg timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors eg topical - dorzolamide or systemic- acetazolamide
Alph adrenergic agonisits eg brimonidine
Parasympathetomimetric eg pilocarpine

20
Q

how do local anaesthetics work on the eye

A

blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

21
Q

When are local anasthetics used

A

FB removal
tonometry
corneal scraping
comfort

22
Q

What is tonometry used to measure

A

IOP

23
Q

What is the most commonly used diagnostic dye and when is it used

A
fluorescein
corneal abrasion
tonometry
diagnosisng nasolcrimal duct obsurction
angiography
24
Q

Name two mydriatics

A

tropicamide

cyclopentolate

25
Q

Name two side effects of mydriatics

A

blurring

closed angle glaucoma

26
Q

Name two sympathomimetrics

A

phenylephrine

atropine

27
Q

What do sympathomimetics do

A

act on sympathetic system
cause pupil to dialate
do not effect ciliary muscle

28
Q

what drug can constrict visual fields

A

vigabatrin

29
Q

what can cause optic neuropahty

A

ethambutol

30
Q

what causes maculopathy

A

chloroquine