Flashcards in Microbiology Deck (65)
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1
What bacterial species predominates in healthy vaginal flora?
Lactobacillus spp.
2
What does Lactobacillus spp. produce and what is the effect of these products?
Lactic acid +/- hydrogen peroxide
Suppresses growth of other bacteria
3
List some bacteria other than Lactobacillus spp. that can be part of the normal vaginal flora
Strep viridans
Group B Strep
Candida spp. (small numbers)
4
What are the 3 main non-sexually-transmitted genital tract infections?
Vaginal thrush
Bacterial vaginosis
Prostatitis
5
Which bacteria causes vaginal thrush?
Candida (usually albicans)
6
The presence of Candida on vaginal swab indicates vaginal thrush. True/False?
False
30% of females are colonised by small numbers of Candida as part of normal flora
7
List some predisposing factors to developing Candida infection
Recent antibiotic therapy
High oestrogen levels (pregnant, contraceptives)
Poorly controlled diabetes
Severely immunocompromised
8
Describe clinical presentation of vaginal thrush
Intensely itchy
White vaginal discharge "like cottage cheese"
9
How is the diagnosis of vaginal thrush made?
Clinical diagnosis/appearance
Vaginal swab to culture for C. albicans
10
How is vaginal thrush treated?
Topical clotrimazole
Oral fluconazole if no response
11
What is characteristic of Candida albicans on gram film?
Appearance of budding
12
Who typically gets other forms of Candida infection (other than albicans)?
Poorly controlled diabetics (C. balanitis)
Immunosuppressed
13
Which organisms are the main causes of bacterial vaginosis?
Gardnerella vaginalis
Mobiluncus sp.
Other anaerobes
14
Describe clinical presentation of bacterial vaginosis
Thin, watery, fish-smelling discharge that reeeeaally stinks
15
How is a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis made?
Clinical diagnosis/examination
Raised vaginal pH greater than 4.5
16
The presence of what cells on microscopy suggest bacterial vaginosis?
Clue cells
17
How is bacterial vaginosis treated?
Oral metronidazole
18
Describe the clinical presentation of acute bacterial prostatitis
UTI-like
Abdominal/back/perineal/penile pain
Tender prostate
19
A mid-stream sample of urine is required to test for urethral infection in acute bacterial prostatitis. True/False?
False
Mid-stream for upper UTI, first-pass for lower UTI
20
How is acute bacterial prostatitis treated?
Ciprofloxacin for 28 days
Trimethoprim if high C. diff risk
21
List the 3 main sexually-transmitted bacterial infections
Chlamydia
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
22
What is the commonest bacterial STI in the UK? What organism causes it?
Chlamydia, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
23
What areas of the body can chlamydia infect?
Eyes
Throat
Rectum
Urethra
Cervix
24
Chlamydia reproduces both in and out -side the host cell. True/False?
False
Obligate bacteria that only reproduces inside the host
25
Does chlamydia stain with Gram stain?
No because no peptidoglycan in cell wall
26
What are the 3 serological groupings of chlamydia and their respective infections?
Serovars A-C = trachoma/eye infection
Serovars D-K = genital infection
Serovars L1-L3 = lymphogranuloma venereum
27
What condition does lymphogranuloma venereum mimic on presentation?
Inflammatory bowel disease - features of proptosis, PR bleed, irritation, fullness
28
How is chlamydia infection treated?
Azithromycin if uncomplicated
Doxycycline for 7 days
3 weeks if LGV
29
Which bacteria causes gonorrhoea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
30
