Microbiology - Immunology

Question 1

What antigens of Hep B correlate to amount of infection?

Answer 1

HBeAg

HBcAg

Question 2

What Hep B antigen does not correlated with virion production and forms spheres and tubules?

Answer 2

HBsAg — creates the surface envelop

Question 3

What hepatitis contains a icosahedral nucleocapsid?

Answer 3

Hep A

Question 4

What virulence factor can cause septic shock from bacteria?

Answer 4

LPS on gram negative membranes

• • NOT secreted only released when bacteria divide or are destroyed by immune system
• **Lipid A is the toxic part – activate PMN/Macro, releasing IL-1 and inflammatory factors increasing permeability all around the body

Question 5

What is the key characteristic that allows Hep D to co-infect with Hep B?

Answer 5

Hep D – is completely independent except does not have its own surface coating gene, which Hep B provides allowing Hep D to spread.

Question 6

What can cause headache, joint pains in the morning of shoulders and knees, and facial pain?

Answer 6

Gaint Cell Vasculitis — Temporal Arteritis

• • Can cause sudden blindness
• • Granulomas of the vessels
• • Medium Large Arteries

Question 7

What syndrome presents with Raynaud’s Syndrome, Atrophic skin changes over the digits, and Right Heart Failure?

Answer 7

CREST SYNDROME - overproduction of TGF-B in small vessels

• Sclerodactylyl
• Raynauds
• Pulmonary Hypertension – damage to small arteries in lungs cause increased pressure in RV and failure

Question 8

What is the most common cause of Mononucleosis?

Answer 8

EBV
- Fever, pharyngitis, splenomegaly, LAD
(+) Heterophile Antibodies

Question 9

What is EBV infection associated with?

Answer 9

Histo – Atypical Lymphocytes with abundent pale blue cytoplasm NORMAL Nucleus

• • Burkitt Lymphoma
• • Hodgkins / Nonhodgkins
• • Nasopharygeal Carcinoma (Asian)

Question 10

What is the signal for extrinsic apoptosis?

Answer 10

FAS Receptor – CD95

– CD8+ Activate this pathway

Question 11

What receptors are important in extracellular bacterial antigen processing?

Answer 11

MHC Class II

• • alpha & beta chains
• • receptor made in RER with INVARIANT CHAIN then transported to the endosome for antigen loading after APC took in antigen and degraded it inside lysosome.

Question 12

What receptors are important in expressing self antigens and intracellular pathogens?

Answer 12

MHC Class I

• Proteins degraded within the cell are sent to the ER where the MHC receptors are being produced
• Pumped into ER via Transport Associated Antigen Processing (TAP) loads antigen with B2-microglobin assistance

Question 13

What binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome blocking tRNA entry?

Answer 13

Tetracycline

Aminoglycosides

Question 14

What binds to 50S subunit and blocks the translocation and release of the peptide?

Answer 14

Macrolids

• • Erythromycin
• • Azithromycin

Question 15

What blocks the peptide bond formation?

Answer 15

Chloramphenicol – can also cause bone marrow suppression.

Question 16

What is the biologic drug used to block leukotriene effects in asthma patients

Answer 16

Montelukast

Question 17

What is responsible for a very low B-cell count (CD19/CD20) and recurrent infections?

Answer 17

Agammaglobulinemia

• • X-linked
• • Tyrosine Kinase Deficiency, unable to proliferate and maturation of the B-cells

Question 18

If a patient is experiencing difficulty swallowing, skin changes over their hands, and have numerous vascularized lesions on their arms, what marker might be present?

Answer 18

(+) Anti-Centromere
– CREST Syndrome
(Calcinosis, Raynaud’s, Esophageal Dysfunction, Sclerodacycly, Telangectiasis)

Question 19

What biomarker is present in Diffuse scleroderma?

Answer 19

(+) DNA Topoisomerase I

There will be skin involvement and viscerial involvement

Question 20

What is Etanercept commonly used for?

Answer 20

Binds TNF-alpha preventing binding to receptors

– RA, Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis

Question 21

What are the short acting insulins?

Answer 21

• Lispro
• Aspart
• Glulisine

Question 22

What is the best kind of insulin to be used when someone has DKA?

Answer 22

Regular Insulin – 2-4 hour timespan

Question 23

What are the long acting insulins?

Answer 23

NPH
Glarigine
Determir

Question 24

What is required for Haemophilus to grow on culture?

Answer 24

X-Factor / NAD+ (V-factor)
– if coupled with Staph on blood agar, then Staph (B-hemalytic) will lyse the RBCs releasing NAD for Haemophilus to grow.

Question 25

What is a surface marker of Macrophage?

Answer 25

CD14

Question 26

What is the cause of the symptoms of psoriasis?

Answer 26

Immune reaction CD4/CD8 – TNF, IL12, IFN-gamma induces keratinocytes to proliferate

Question 27

How are Hep B and Hep C different?

Answer 27

Hep B – integrates into genome, inactivates p53 eventually and leads to HCC
Hep C – does not integrate, chronic inflammation leads to HCC

Question 28

What microbes cause ribosylation of EF-2 preventing protein synthesis?

Answer 28

Diptheria

Pseudomonas

Question 29

What bacterium depolymerizes actin in the GI tract?

Answer 29

C.Diff

Question 30

How are Cholera and Pertussis toxins similar?

Answer 30

Cholera Toxin – ADP-Ribosylation of Gs = Increases cAMP

B. Pertussis – ADP-Ribosylates Gi = prevents inhibition, keeping cAMP elevated