Mid 1: Lec 1

Question 1

cytokines (what do they reg)

Answer 1

signalling moleculae that reg immunity, inflammation, hematopoiesis

Question 2

embryo, skin, liver, mature nerve and muscle celss division rates

Answer 2

embryo: less than 20 min

skin: 12-24 hrs

liver: keep dividing ability in reserve, every 1-2 years

mature nerve/muscle: no division

Question 3

G1/S checkpoint and signals

Answer 3

Primary decision point
Determines division initiation or exit of cell cycle into G0 phase

int signals: cell size, cell nutrition

ext signals: growth factors

Question 4

G2/M checkpoint

Answer 4

-was DNA synthesis successful?
-commitment to mitosis

Question 5

Spindle checkpoint

Answer 5

-all chromosomes attached?

Question 6

Cell growth/division signal types, primary mech of control

Answer 6

internal: promoting factors

external: growth factors

mech of control: phosphorylation

Question 7

cyclin/cdk

Answer 7

cyclin levels vary in different stages of cell cycle

cdks activity depends on cyclin levels

cdks phosphorylate cell proteins to trigger different stages of cell cycle

Question 8

proto oncogenes and example

Answer 8

growth factor genes that when switched on through mutation cause cancer

RAS (cyclin activator)

Question 9

tumor suppressor genes and example

Answer 9

cause cancer when mutation causes them to be switched off

p53