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Psych 204 > Mid sem test > Flashcards

Mid sem test Flashcards

1
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

Positively valued acts

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2
Q

What are the two forms of helping?

A

altruism

egoism

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3
Q

What is altruism?

A

helping to benefit others, no hidden motive

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4
Q

What is egoism?

A

helping to benefit others but also yourself

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5
Q

What are the 3 reasons people help?

A
  1. evolutionary psych
  2. 5 stages of helping
  3. additional explanations
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6
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

We need to live in groups to survive

Helping behaviours are adapted to achieve this

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7
Q

What are the 3 components of evolutionary psych?

A
  1. kin selection
  2. reciprocal altruism
  3. neotenous features
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8
Q

What is kin selection?

A

we help others that are genetically similar because we want our genes to survive

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9
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A
  • positive emotions we get from helping others reinforces the behaviour
  • when someone does not reciprocate we feel moral aggression
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10
Q

what are neotenous features?

A

large forehead, small nose, small chin

signal helplessness

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11
Q

What are the 5 stages of helping?

A 
NIRDH
notice
interpret
responsibility
decide
help
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12
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

as group size increases, helping decreases

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13
Q

What is bystander effect caused by?

A
  • diffusion of responsibility
  • audience inhibition
  • social influence
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14
Q

When is the bystander effect more likely?

A
  • unknown others
  • no future interactions
  • target is an out-group
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15
Q

How is bystander effect eliminated?

A

by perceived confidence - make people feel like they can help

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16
Q

What are some additional explanations of helping?

A

social norms
social modelling
mood

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17
Q

What is the norm of reciprocity?

A

we help others if they have helped us in the past

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18
Q

What is the norm of social responsibility?

A

we take care of those in need

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19
Q

What is social modelling?

A

we adopt the behaviour of others

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20
Q

How does mood effect helping?

A

helping gets rid of negative mood - linked to egoism

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21
Q

What is mediation?

A

HOW

the variable that explains why 2 variables are connected

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22
Q

What is moderation?

A

when and where an effect occurs

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23
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

the predictor

explains variability in the outcome

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24
Q

What is the dependant variable?

A

the outcome

what you are interested in

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25
Q

What is social influence?

A

a change in behaviour due to the real, imagined or implied presence of others

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of social influence?

A
  1. conformity
  2. compliance
  3. obedience
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27
Q

What is conformity?

A

adjusting behaviour to match norms

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28
Q

What is compliance?

A

changing behaviour at others’ request

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29
Q

What is obedience?

A

changing behaviour due to authority demands

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30
Q

What are 2 reasons for conforming?

A
  1. informational influence

2. normative influence

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31
Q

What is informational influence?

A

need to be correct
private
internalised
(think of dark room dot)

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32
Q

What is normative influence?

A

need to belong
public
not internalised
(think of line task)

33
Q

What are the 3 compliance techniques?

A
  1. foot in the door
  2. door in the face
  3. pique technique
34
Q

What is the foot in the door?

A

if you agree to a small request you are more likely to agree to a large one

35
Q

What is the door in the face?

A

if you reject a large request you are more likely to accept a small request

36
Q

What is the pique technique?

A

if you make an odd request, it disrupts the automatic refusal script

37
Q

What are the 3 principles of social impact theory?

A
  1. f(strength x immediacy x number)
  2. psychosocial law
  3. decreases as targets increase
38
Q

What are the intergroup attitudes?

A

feeling - prejudice thinking - stereotype

doing - discrimination

39
Q

What is realistic conflict theory?

A

competition over scarce resources = conflict

40
Q

What were the 3 stages of the robbers cave experiment?

A
  1. group attachment
  2. intergroup competition
  3. intergroup reconciliation
41
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

the subjective belief that you/your group are worse off than similar others
- combination of cognition and affect

42
Q

What are the two types of deprivation?

A
  1. individual based deprivation

2. group based deprivation

43
Q

What is individual based deprivation?

A

comparison between self and others

- internalised

44
Q

What is group based deprivation?

A

comparison between ingroups and outgroups

- externalised

45
Q

how does health correlate with individual based deprivation?

A

inc^ in IBD = negative implications on health

46
Q

how does group based deprivation correlate with protest

A

GBD is a predictor for collective action of behalf of a group

47
Q

What are the 4 main forms of protest?

A 
exit - active, destructive
voice - active, constructive
loyalty - passive, constructive
neglect - passive, destructive
(EVLN)
48
Q

What is the minimal group paradigm?

A

The idea that we dont need to see other group members/outgroup members to form bias

49
Q

What is the social identity theory?

A

The idea that community identification is a huge part of who we are
- self esteem affected by intergroup comparisons

50
Q

What is contact theory?

A

The idea that interacting with each other reduces biases

51
Q

What conditions need to be present for contact theory to succeed?

A
  1. equality of status
  2. common goals
  3. intergroup cooperation
  4. authority support
52
Q

What is the common in-group identity model?

A

The idea that contact creates a larger identity that encompasses both in and out groups (superordinate identity)

53
Q

What is the need to belong?

A

The innate and evolutionary need to connect with others in social relationships

54
Q

What are the health and psychological benefits of belonging?

A

improved cardiovascular, immune, mental health

55
Q

What 4 factors make embarrassment occur?

A
  1. awareness of social expectations
  2. unwanted social predicament
  3. self conscious
  4. engage in impression management tactics
56
Q

What are some physiological responses for embarrassment?

A

blushing
touching face/hair
speech disturbance
increase movement

57
Q

Why does Darwin say that embarrassment evolved?

A

because of adaptive value in dealing with challenges in the environment

58
Q

What does embarrassment do?

A

regulates behaviour to promote acceptance

59
Q

What is embarrassment’s function achieved?

A
  1. regulation mechanism

2. non-verbal apology

60
Q

What is the regulation mechanism?

A
  • deters embarrassing behaviour

- motivates face saving strategies

61
Q

What is a non-verbal apology?

A

involuntary responses that communicate that the individual cares about what the audience thinks and recognises norms

62
Q

What are the results of these functions?

A
  • audiences feel sympathetic

- reduces negative reactions

63
Q

What is self esteem?

A

tied to how other perceive us

individual difference that may predict different outcomes

64
Q

What is the self esteem sociometer?

A

how we monitor and react to how much others value us

- relational value underpins self esteem

65
Q

What is state self esteem?

A

monitors current relational value

changes based on context and environment

66
Q

What is trait self esteem?

A

the degree to which one is the sort of person who will be valued by groups
general across situations and people

67
Q

What does negative state self esteem do?

A
  1. alerts possibility of social exclusion

2. motivates action towards social inclusion

68
Q

What are Williams (1997) 3 stages of response to ostracism?

A
  1. reflexive - pain + threat
  2. reflective - does it matter?
  3. resigned - internalisation, long term consequences
69
Q

What are self fulfilling prophecies?

A

the idea that expectations prompt specific behaviours

- people respond to cues by adjusting behaviour

70
Q

How do people with low self esteem act in relationships?

A

conflict > rejection > threatened > self protection > punishing behaviour

71
Q

What are some individual difference moderators?

A
  • trait self esteem
  • facebook use
  • rejection sensitivity
  • attachment orientation
  • narcissism
72
Q

What are some contextual moderators?

A
  • control
  • culture
  • acceptance after rejection
73
Q

What is the impact of facebook use on belonging?

A

Exclusion motivated facebook use

facebook buffers negative impact of rejection

74
Q

What is rejection sensitivity?

A

experiences of rejection lead people to develop expectations of further rejection

75
Q

How do narcissists respond to rejection?

A
  • externalise blame

- react with anger

76
Q

How does acceptance post rejection occur?

A

acknowledgement of a person improves satisfaction following an ostracism experience

77
Q

What is a causal attribution?

A

any explanation given as a cause or a reason for a person’s behaviour

78
Q

What are the continuums for causal attribution?

A

internal v external (yourself or environment)

stable v unstable (consistent or changing)

Psych 204 (6 decks)

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